Virus-like particle with efficient epitope display

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccine. The virus-like particle constitutes a non-naturally occurring, ordered and repetitive antigen array display scaffold which can obtain a strong and long-lasting immune response in a subject. The VLP-based vaccine may be used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease including, but is not limited to, cancer, cardiovascular, infectious, chronic, neurological diseases/disorders, asthma, and/or immune-inflammatory diseases/disorders.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/542,623, filed Jul. 10, 2017, which is a U.S. national phase application of PCT/DK2016/050011, filed Jan. 15, 2016, which claims priority from Danish Patent Application No. PA 2015 70237, filed Apr. 22, 2015 and Danish Patent Application No. PA 2015 70019, filed Jan. 15, 2015. The entire content of each application is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a technology and method for making a virus-like particle based vaccine with efficient epitope display and capable of inducing a strong and long-term protective immune response. The present invention solves the key challenge of obtaining a virus-like particle which presents a larger antigen on the particle surface at high density, with regular spacing, and with consistent orientation; three critical factors for obtaining optimal activation of the immune system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Vaccines have played, and still play, a major role in reducing the impact of infectious diseases on global health. The first generation of vaccines was based on attenuated or inactivated pathogens. These full-pathogen-based vaccines have proven extremely effective and, in some cases, have (e.g. small pox) led to the complete eradication of the target pathogen. There are however serious concerns associated with using full-pathogens for immunization as these have been seen to induce severe side effects at some frequency in populations, underscoring the need to develop safer vaccines (Plotkin S A et. al 2005). Along with the recent advances in recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering, modern vaccine research has put effort into identifying critical antigenic targets of neutralizing antibodies with the aim of developing so called ‘subunit vaccines’ composed solely of well-defined, purified antigen components (Murray K. et al. 1988). The immunogenicity of subunit vaccines based on low valency soluble protein is, unfortunately, low compared to that of full pathogen-based vaccines. To induce a high-titer antibody response it is thus often necessary to use high antigen doses, booster administrations, and co-administration of adjuvants and even so these subunit vaccines are generally not capable of inducing long-term protective immunity. This is indeed exemplified by the many vaccine failures observed with low valency soluble proteins during the past several years and have led to the conjecture that the size, valency, and the spatial assembly of the vaccine antigen component are critical parameters for optimal activation of the immune system.

Virus-like particles (VLPs), which are both highly immunogenic and safe, represent a major advancement in the development of subunit vaccines, combining many of the advantages of full pathogen-based vaccines and simple recombinant subunit vaccines. VLPs are composed of one or several recombinantly expressed viral proteins which spontaneously assemble into macromolecular particulate structures mimicking the morphology of the native virus coat—but lacking infectious genetic material. The particulate nature and size of VLPs (22-150 nm) appears to be optimal for efficient uptake by professional antigen presenting cells, particularly dendritic cells (DCs) as well as for entry into lymph vessels and hence VLPs efficiently stimulate both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system (Bachmann, M F, Jennings, G T. 2010). Furthermore, surface structures presenting an antigen at high density, with regular spacing, and with consistent orientation are characteristic of microbial surface antigens for which the mammalian immune system has evolved to respond vigorously to. At the molecular level, the presentation of an epitope at high density, while being regularly spaced, and with consistent orientation enables efficient cross-linking of B-cell receptors (Bachmann, M F and Zinkernagel, R M. 1997) leading to strong B-cell responses, even in the absence of T-cell help (Bachmann, M F et al., 1993; Chackerian et al., 1999; Kouskoff, V. et al., 2000) and cumulative data from several studies indicate that B-cells, in fact, discriminate antigen patterns via the degree of surface Ig-cross-linking and use antigen repetitiveness as a self/nonself discriminator.

It has long been an attractive goal to exploit the VLPs as an immunogenicity-boosting platform for inducing immune responses against heterologous antigens by using them as molecular scaffolds for antigen presentation. Antibodies are believed to be the primary effectors of all current prophylactic microbial vaccines and hence the main focus for developing VLP-based vaccines is to induce strong humoral responses, which is especially true when targeting self-antigens. Traditionally this has been achieved either by incorporation of antigenic epitopes into VLPs by genetic fusion (chimeric VLPs) or by conjugating antigens to preassembled VLPs. The chimeric VLP approach is to date the most common method for displaying heterologous epitopes on VLPs (Pumpens, P and Grens, E. 2001; Bachmann, M F and Jennings, G T, 2004a; Chackerian, 2007; Grgacic, E V L. and Anderson, D A. 2006). However, this strategy is severely limited by both the size and nature of epitopes that can be inserted into VLPs, especially in their immunodominant regions, and it has in general not been possible to insert peptides longer than 20 amino acids without disrupting the fragile self-assembly process of the VLPs. In addition, this approach requires that critical epitopes have already been identified in the target antigen and that they can be presented in an immunodominant region on the VLP surface while maintaining their native conformation. Therefore, despite a still growing understanding of the VLP structure/assembly process, generating chimeric VLPs is still a trial-and-error process and it remains impossible to predict whether individual peptides will be compatible with VLP assembly or whether insertions will be immunogenic. Finally, due to the small size of inserted peptide sequences the induced antibody response will functionally be essentially monoclonal, which in some cases will set a limit to the potency of protection.

On the other hand, chemical conjugation, e.g. through chemical biotinylation of exposed lysine residues, allows the attachment of diverse kinds of target antigens (incl. non-protein targets) to VLPs and this approach is, in principle, not restricted by the size of the antigen (Raja K S. et al. 2003). However, so far only shorter peptides have successfully been coupled at high density and with consistent orientation to the surface of VLPs (Bachmann M F, Jennings G T. 2011) and in the case of larger antigens it remains highly challenging to control both the orientation and the total amount/stoichiometry of the coupled antigen, affecting both the density and regularity of displayed epitopes, and thus potentially limiting the immune response. In addition to this, chemical coupling procedures are rarely compatible with large scale vaccine production. As a result the current technologies are not sufficient to ensure VLP display of antigens at high density, with regular spacing, and with consistent orientation, which are three critical factors for obtaining strong and long lasting activation of the immune system.

In brief:

-   -   Induction of a strong and long lasting immune response to         pathogens as well as disease associated antigens is very         difficult to obtain with simple subunit vaccines.     -   Virus-like particle (VLP) presentation of antigens has proven to         be very efficient in inducing the highly functional long-term         immune responses.     -   Coupling of an antigen onto the surface of a VLP, at high         density, and with a consistent orientation for optimal epitope         display, poses a major biotechnological challenge.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention solves the challenges of obtaining a VLP which presents densely and regularly spaced surface antigens with consistent orientation. Such VLPs are capable of efficiently displaying epitopes and are thus able to induce long-term protective immunity in a subject. A general concept of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. The inventors have identified bacteriophages (e.g. AP205) where a Spytag and/or a SpyCatcher can be fused to the capsid protein without compromising the self-assembly of the particle.

Surprisingly the inventors were able to fuse the entire 116 amino acid SpyCatcher to the N-terminal of the AP205 capsid protein. In addition, the inventors have managed to setup a system to produce antigens fused to a SpyCatcher and/or a SpyTag polypeptide, which ensures control of the orientation of the coupled antigen. The specific interaction between the SpyTag and SpyCatcher (Zakeri, B. et al. PNAS. 2012) ensures control of the overall amount/stoichiometry as well as display of antigens in a densely and repetitive ordered manner with consistent orientation which is important for yielding efficient epitope display and consequently a potent immune response. Surprisingly, the present inventors have found that the large SpyCatcher protein, which comprises more than 100 amino acids, may be fused to a capsid protein without disrupting the spontaneous VLP self-assembly process. The described antigen display scaffold is unique as it for the first time enables coupling of virtually any antigen at high density on a VLP surface, thereby presenting ordered arrays of the particular antigens which are all held in the same orientation, thereby solving three key issues of mounting an efficient immune response. The system can both be used to target self-antigens (i.e. break tolerance) as well as to efficiently target infectious organisms.

The SpyTag and SpyCatcher interact via a spontaneous isopeptide bond formation (Zakeri, B. et al. PNAS. 2012). This is a covalent interaction and ensures a high strength, one-to-one interaction between the SpyTag and SpyCatcher linked antigen. The flexibility of the isopeptide bond is limited by the conformation of the co-joined SpyTag-SpyCatcher polypeptide ensuring consistent orientation of the antigens thus displayed on the VLP.

The problems described above are solved by the aspects and embodiments of the present invention characterized in the claims. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a main aspect of the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein comprising a first peptide tag, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to a second peptide tag,         wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein are linked via an         isopeptide bond between the first and second peptide tag, and         wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In a preferred embodiment the virus capsid protein comprises an AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein fused to a SpyCatcher, wherein the capsid protein—SpyCatcher fusion protein is capable of forming a virus-like particle. In a further embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein optionally via a linker.

Another main aspect of the present invention concerns vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyCatcher polypeptide insertion, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and AP205 capsid protein and/or fr capsid         protein are linked via the interaction between the Spytag and         the SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle         displaying said antigen.

In one embodiment, the vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease comprises:

-   -   iii. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyTag polypeptide insertion, and     -   iv. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and AP205 capsid protein and/or fr capsid         protein are linked via the interaction between the Spytag and         the SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle         displaying said antigen.

The problems described above are solved by the aspects and embodiments of the present invention characterized in the claims. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a main aspect of the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyCatcher polypeptide insertion such that the         capsid protein can self-assemble into a VLP that displays the         SpyCatcher in a context that it binds to SpyTag, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr         capsid protein are linked via the interaction between the Spytag         and the SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle         displaying said antigen.

In one embodiment, the vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease comprises:

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyTag polypeptide insertion such that the capsid         protein can self-assemble into a VLP that displays the SpyTag in         a context that it binds to SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher.         wherein the antigen and AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr         capsid protein are linked via the interaction between the Spytag         and the SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle         displaying said antigen.

In another aspect the present invention concerns a vector comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyCatcher polypeptide insertion, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and AP205 capsid protein and/or phage ft         capsid protein are linked via the interaction between the Spytag         and the SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle         displaying said antigen.

In one embodiment, the vector comprises at least one polynucleotide encoding

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyTag polypeptide insertion, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr         capsid protein are linked via the interaction between the Spytag         and the SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle         displaying said antigen.

In another aspect the present invention concerns a host cell expressing at least one polypeptide encoded by said polynucleotide.

In another aspect the present invention concerns a composition comprising said vaccine.

A further aspect of the present invention concerns a method of manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said vaccine, wherein the method comprises the steps of

-   -   i. obtaining a first polypeptide; an AP205 capsid protein and/or         a phage fr capsid protein comprising SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. obtaining a second polypeptide; an antigen fused to SpyTag,         and     -   iii. subjecting the first polypeptide to conditions which enable         formation of virus-like particles, and     -   iv. obtaining a vaccine by linkage of the second polypeptide and         said virus-like particles via the interaction between the SpyTag         and SpyCatcher of said virus-like particles, and     -   v. generating a composition comprising said vaccine,         thereby obtaining a pharmaceutical composition.

In one embodiment, the method of manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said vaccine comprises the steps of

-   -   i. obtaining a first polypeptide; an AP205 capsid protein and/or         a phage fr capsid protein comprising SpyTag, and     -   ii. obtaining a second polypeptide; an antigen fused to         SpyCatcher, and     -   iii. subjecting the first polypeptide to conditions which enable         formation of virus-like particles, and     -   iv. obtaining a vaccine by linkage of the second polypeptide and         said virus-like particles via the interaction between the SpyTag         and SpyCatcher of said virus-like particles, and     -   v. generating a composition comprising said vaccine,         thereby obtaining a pharmaceutical composition.

Yet an aspect of the present invention concerns a method of administering said vaccine to treat and/or prevent a clinical condition in a subject in need thereof comprising the steps of:

-   -   i. obtaining a composition comprising at least one vaccine,         and/or     -   ii. administering said composition to a subject at least once         for prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease.

In another aspect the present invention concerns a kit of parts comprising

-   -   i. a composition comprising a vaccine, and     -   ii. a medical instrument or other means for administering the         vaccine, and     -   iii. instructions on how to use the kit of parts.

In an aspect of the invention relates to a method for inducing an immune response in a subject, the method comprising the steps of

-   -   i. obtaining a composition comprising at least one vaccine, and     -   ii. administering said composition to a subject at least once         for prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: A general aspect of the present invention. Production steps in making a fully biotinylated SpyTag-capsid protein coupled with a SpyCatcher-antigen. SpyC is an abbreviation of SpyCatcher.

FIG. 2: A general aspect of the present invention. Production steps in making a SpyTag/KTag-capsid protein coupled with a SpyTag/KTag-antigen.

FIG. 3: Transmission electron microscopy of SpyTag-AP205 virus-like particles. The TEM picture shows non-aggregated VLPs of approx. 30 nm, assembled from Spy-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 62).

FIG. 4: SpyTag-VLP/SpyCatcher-antigen coupling efficiency. The figure (SDS-PAGE gels) shows collected fraction after density gradient ultracentrifugation of a mixture of SpyTag-AP205 VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 62) and two different spycatcher-antigen fusions (SEQ ID NO: 19 (FIG. 4A) and 21 (FIG. 4B), respectively). The molar relationship between conjugated spy-AP205 capsid protein and spycatcher-antigen as compared to the amount of unconjugated spy-AP205 capsid protein can be used to estimate the antigen-VLP coupling efficiency. From this experiment it is estimated that 80-100% of the spy-AP205 capsid protein is conjugated to a spyCatcher-antigen.

FIG. 5: Transmission electron microscopy of SpyTag-AP205 virus-like particles coupled with SpyCatcher-IL-5(C63T/C105T) (SEQ ID NO: 19). The TEM picture shows non-aggregated VLPs assembled from spy-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 62). The apparent average size of the antigen-coupled VLPs seem ˜25-35 nm larger compared to corresponding non-coupled spy-AP205 VLPs.

FIG. 6: Transmission electron microscopy of SpyCatcher-AP205 virus-like particles. The TEM picture shows non-aggregated VLPs of approx. 30 nm, assembled from SpyCatcher-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 76).

FIG. 7: SpyCatcher-VLP/SpyTag-antigen coupling efficiency. The figure (SDS-PAGE gels) shows collected fraction after density gradient ultracentrifugation of a mixture of SpyCatcher-AP205 VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 76) and a SpyTag-antigen fusion (SEQ ID NO: 82). The molar relationship between conjugated SpyCatcher-AP205 capsid protein and SpyTag-antigen as compared to the amount of unconjugated SpyCatcher-AP205 capsid protein can be used to estimate the antigen-VLP coupling efficiency. From this experiment it is estimated that 80-100% of the SpyCatcher-AP205 capsid protein is conjugated to a SpyTag-antigen.

FIG. 8: Transmission electron microscopy of SpyCatcher-AP205 virus-like particles coupled with SpyTag-ID1ID2a (SEQ ID NO: 82). The TEM picture shows non-aggregated VLPs assembled from SpyCatcher-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 76). The apparent average size of the antigen-coupled VLPs seem ˜35 nm larger compared to corresponding non-coupled SpyCatcher-AP205 VLPs.

FIG. 9: Dynamic light scattering of SpyTag-AP205 virus-like particles alone or coupled with SpyCatcher-antigen. The graph shows VLPs assembled from SpyTag-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 62). The SpyTag-AP205 particles are monodisperse and have a size of 34 nm. SpyTag-AP205 virus-like particles coupled with SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 19) are also monodisperse and have a size of 73 nm, which is 39 nm larger compared to corresponding non-coupled SpyTag-AP205 VLPs.

FIG. 10: Dynamic light scattering of SpyCatcher-AP205 virus-like particles alone or coupled with SpyTag-antigen. The graph shows VLPs assembled from SpyCatcher-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 76). The SpyCatcher-AP205 particles are monodisperse and have a size of 42 nm. SpyCatcher-AP205 virus-like particles coupled with SpyTag-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 82) are also monodisperse and have a size of 75 nm, which is 33 nm larger compared to corresponding non-coupled SpyCatcher-AP205 VLPs.

FIG. 11: Expression of AP205 VLP. Left panel: SDS-PAGE of AP205 VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 58). The SDS-PAGE shows that the coat proteins are between 12 and 22 kDa (the theoretical size is 14 kDa). Right panel: Transmission electron microscopy of AP205 virus-like particles. The TEM picture shows non-aggregated VLPs of approx. 30 nm, assembled from AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58).

FIG. 12: Binding capacity of AP205-SpyTag vs. SpyTag-AP205. SDS-PAGE of the AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 64(65)) and SpyTag-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 62(63)) coupled to SpyC-Antigen (SEQ ID NO: 19). Both VLPs are coupled in a molar ratio of 1:2 (VLP to Ag) and the SDS-PAGE gel shows that SpyTag-AP205 has a better binding capacity compared to AP205-SpyTag.

FIG. 13: Binding capacity of SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SAS) vs. SpyTag-AP205 (SA): (Left) SDS-PAGE of the SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SAS) VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 71(72)), lane 1, SpyTag-AP205 (SA) VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 62), lane 2 and AP205 VLPs, lane 3 (SEQ ID NO: 58) coupled in a molar ratio of 1:1 with SpyCatcher-Antigen (SEQ ID NO: 19).

FIG. 14: Coupling of Pfs25 to SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag Virus-like particles. Reduced SDS-PAGE of SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 71(72)), lane 1; SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag and Pfs25 (SEQ ID NO: 27) in a molar ratio of 1:1, lane 2; AP205 VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 58) and Pfs25 (SEQ ID NO: 27) in a molar ratio of 1:1, lane 3.

FIG. 15: Induction of higher titres of antibodies as a result of VLP display. The figure shows the Ig response against an antigen (SEQ ID NO: 7) two weeks after a prime-boost-boost immunization regimen. The dashed lines represent individual mice immunized with SpyCatcher-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 76) coupled with SpyTag-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 7). The gray line represents individual mice immunized with soluble SpyTag-Antigen (SEQ ID NO: 7) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated without aluminum hydroxide gel. X-axis: serum dilution; Y-axis: OD490 nm.

FIG. 16: The figure shows the Ig response against an antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) three months after a prime-boost-boost immunization regimen. The dashed line represents individual mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205-SpyT (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled with SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27). The gray line represents individual mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel. X-axis: serum dilution; Y-axis: OD490 nm.

FIG. 17: The figure shows the avidity of antibodies induced in mice following a prime-boost-boost immunization regimen. Mouse anti-sera were obtained four month after last immunization. The black bar represents a pool of sera from mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to the spyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27). The gray bar represents a pool of sera from mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel.

FIG. 18: The figure shows the avidity of antibodies induced in mice following a prime-boost-boost immunization regimen. Mouse anti-sera were obtained three month after last immunization. The black bar represents a pool of sera from mice immunized with SpyCatcher-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 76) coupled to SpyTag-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 7). The gray bar represents a pool of sera from mice immunized with soluble SpyTag-Ag (SEQ ID NO: 7) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated without aluminum hydroxide gel.

FIG. 19: Ig response against an antigen (SEQ ID NO: 52) following a single immunization. The dashed lines represent individual mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 62) coupled to SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 52). The gray lines represent individual mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 52) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel. X-axis: serum dilution; Y-axis: OD490 nm.

FIG. 20: The figure shows the Ig response against an antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) following a single immunization. The dashed lines represent individual mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27). The gray lines represent individual mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel. X-axis: serum dilution; Y-axis: OD490 nm.

FIG. 21: Breakage of self-tolerance as a result of VLP display. The figure shows the Ig response against the self-antigen IL-5 (SEQ ID NO: 19) five months after a prime-boost-boost immunization regimen. The dashed line represents individual mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to the IL-5 SpyCatcher-(self)-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 19). The gray line represents individual mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 19) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the spycatcher-antigen. Both vaccines were formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel. X-axis: serum dilution; Y-axis: OD490 nm.

FIG. 22: The figure shows the Ig response against the self-antigen CTLA-4 (SEQ ID NO: 11) two weeks after a prime-boost immunization regimen. The dashed line represents individual mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to the CTLA-4 self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 11). The gray line represents individual mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 11) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the spycatcher-antigen. Both vaccines were formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel. X-axis: serum dilution; Y-axis: OD490 nm.

FIG. 23: Breakage of self-tolerance as a result of VLP display. The figure shows the Ig response against the self-antigen PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 9) two weeks after a prime-boost immunization regimen. The dashed line represents individual mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to the PD-L1 self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 9). The gray line represents individual mice immunized with soluble self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 9) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the SpyCatcher-antigen. Both vaccines were formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel. X-axis: serum dilution; Y-axis: OD490 nm.

FIG. 24: Immunization with a Pfs25 VLP vaccine resulted in induction of functional antibodies which were able to block the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in vitro. Mice were immunized two times with 2.5 ug of either A) spycatcher-Pfs25 antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) displayed on the SpyTag-AP205-SpyT (SEQ ID NO: 71) VLP or B) soluble spycatcher-Pfs25 antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) mixed with the AP205 VLP (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind/display the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel. Transmission-blocking efficacy of antibodies was evaluated by standard mosquito membrane feeding assay (SMFA) using purified IgG from immune sera.

FIG. 25: Antigen-specific qualitative testing of induced immune responses: Testing of the SpyCatcher-VLP platform to induce VAR2CSA specific antibodies The parasite binding-inhibition assay show normalized parasite binding after incubation with pooled anti-sera (3-fold dilutions starting from 1:20) from mice (n=5) vaccinated with SpyTag-ID1ID2a (SEQ ID NO: 82) conjugated to SpyCatcher-VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 76) or soluble SpyTag-ID1ID2a (SEQ ID NO: 82) mixed with unmodified AP205 VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 58). Parasite binding results are shown after first (▴), second (▪) and third (●) immunization. The assay show that anti-sera from mice immunized with VLP-conjugated SpyTag-ID1ID2a (SEQ ID NO: 82) has a greater binding-inhibition capacity compared to anti-sera from mice immunized with soluble SpyTag-ID1D2a (SEQ ID NO: 82).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention solves the challenge of conjugating larger proteins (e.g. full length antigens) at high density and in a consistent orientation onto the surface of a VLP, thereby obtaining VLPs presenting densely and repetitive arrays of heterologous epitopes. The solution of the present invention represents a novel approach for making a versatile VLP-based vaccine delivery platform capable of efficiently displaying antigen epitopes and of inducing long-term protective immunity.

A general aspect of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1.

Definitions

The term “virus-like particle” or “VLP” refers to one or several recombinantly expressed viral capsid proteins, which spontaneously assemble into macromolecular particulate structures mimicking the morphology of a virus coat, but lacking infectious genetic material.

The term “self-assembly” refers to a process in which a system of pre-existing components, under specific conditions, adopts a more organised structure through interactions between the components themselves. In the present context, self-assembly refers to the intrinsic capacity of an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein to self-assemble into virus-like particles in the absence of other viral proteins, when subjected to specific conditions. “Self-assembly” does not preclude the possibility that cellular proteins, e.g. chaperons, participate in the process of intracellular VLP assembly. The self-assembly process may be sensitive and fragile and may be influenced by factors such as, but not limited to, choice of expression host, choice of expression conditions, and conditions for maturing the virus-like particles. Virus capsid proteins may be able to form VLPs on their own, or in combination with several virus capsid proteins, these optionally all being identical. Examples of virus capsid proteins include but are not limited to: AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein.

The term “consistent orientation”, as used herein, refers to the orientation of the target antigen constructs of the present invention and their spatial orientation to an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein of the present invention. When linking an antigen fused to a SpyCatcher to an AP205 VLP and/or a phage fr VLP displaying a SpyTag, a molecule of the SpyCatcher tagged vaccine antigen can only be linked to a single AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein at unique sites in both the vaccine antigen and the recombinant AP205 capsid protein and/or a recombinant phage fr capsid protein, thus creating a uniform and/or consistent presentation of said antigen with a consistent orientation. In contrast, for example, a streptavidin homo-tetramer may crosslink several AP205 capsid proteins and/or recombinant phage fr capsid proteins on the surface of a biotinylated VLP, thus creating an irregular and non-consistent orientation of said antigen (Chackerian, B. et al. 2008). Besides, it is highly challenging to use streptavidin as a bridging molecule e.g. for conjugating biotinylated antigens onto biotinylated VLPs, since the multiple biotin binding sites will allow cross-linking and aggregation of the biotinylated VLPs.

The term “regularly spaced” as used herein, refers to antigens of the present invention which forms a pattern on the surface of a VLP. Such pattern may be symmetric, circle-like, and/or bouquet like pattern of antigens.

The term “treatment” refers to the remediation of a health problem. Treatment may also be preventive and/or prophylactic or reduce the risk of the occurrence of a disease and/or infection. Treatment may also be curative or ameliorate a disease and/or infection.

The term “prophylaxis” refers to the reduction of risk of the occurrence of a disease and/or infection. Prophylaxis may also refer to the prevention of the occurrence of a disease and/or infection.

The term “loop” refers to a secondary structure of a polypeptide where the polypeptide chain reverses its overall direction and may also be referred to as a turn.

The term “vaccine cocktail” refers to a mixture of antigens administered together. A vaccine cocktail may be administered as a single dose or as several doses administered over a period of time. Time intervals may be, but not limited to administration within the same year, month, week, day, hour and/or minute. Co-vaccination and vaccine cocktail may be used interchangeably.

The term “self-antigens” refers to endogenous antigens that have been generated within previously normal cells as a result of normal cell metabolism

The term “SpyTag” refers to a part of the CnaB2 domain from the FbaB protein from Streptococcus pyogenes optimized to bind SpyCatcher consisting of another part of the CnaB2 domain. The interaction occurs when the unprotonated amine of Lys31 nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl carbon of Asp117, catalyzed by the neighboring Glu77. The minimal peptide to mediate this binding is AHIVMVDA whereas a c-terminal extension giving the sequence: AHIVMVDAYKPTK provides the most optimal region, designated “SpyTag” (Zakeri, B. et al. PNAS. 2012).

The term “SpyCatcher” refers to a part of the CnaB2 domain from the FbaB protein from Streptococcus pyogenes optimized to bind SpyTag consisting of another part of the CnaB2 domain. SpyCatcher can be residue number 1-113 of CnaB2 and binding can be optimized by the following two mutations: I34E and M69Y (Zakeri, B. et al. PNAS, 2012). Truncated and homologous versions of SpyCatcher are also objects of the present invention and thus the term SpyCatcher herein denotes any variant of SpyCatcher that is still capable of interacting with SpyTag. Variants of SpyCatcher may include, but is not limited to truncated SpyCatcher variants. Truncated SpyCatcher variants may include, but is not limited to SEQ ID NO: 60 and SEQ ID NO: 61.

The term “sequence variant” refers to a polypeptide and/or polynucleotide sequence with at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to said polypeptide and/or polynucleotide sequence.

The term “peptide tag” as used herein refers to a peptide sequence which is genetically grafted onto a recombinant protein. A first peptide tag may facilitate interactions with a second peptide tag e.g. by forming one or more covalent bonds such as isopeptide bonds. In an embodiment the first peptide tag described in the present invention comprises a SpyTag as described herein. In an embodiment the first peptide tag described in the present invention comprises a KTag as described herein. In an embodiment the second peptide tag described in the present invention comprises a KTag as described herein. In an embodiment the second peptide tag described in the present invention comprises a SpyCatcher as described herein. In an embodiment the second peptide tag described in the present invention comprises a SpyTag as described herein.

VLP Based Vaccine

The expression of viral structural proteins, such as Envelope or Capsid proteins, can result in the self-assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs resemble viruses, but are non-infectious as they do not contain any viral genetic material. For the purpose of active immunization, VLPs have proven highly immunogenic and provide a potentially safer alternative to attenuated viruses since they lack genetic material. Besides, VLPs are a useful tool for the development of vaccines and can be used as molecular scaffolds for efficient antigen epitope display. This has been achieved by either genetic insertion or by chemical conjugation approaches. However, it has generally not been possible to incorporate peptides longer than 20 amino acids without disrupting the self-assembly process of the chimeric VLP. At the same time, the current technologies using chemical conjugation are not sufficient to enable VLP-presentation of larger proteins at high density and with a consistent orientation to ensure an orderly, high density, display of repetitive antigen epitopes, which are critical factors for obtaining strong and long-lasting immune responses.

The present inventors have solved these problems by a novel approach to linking antigens to a virus capsid protein such as an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein VLP using a SpyTag and SpyCatcher fusion without disrupting the self-assembly of the VLP. Thus in a main aspect, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein comprising at least one first peptide         tag, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to a second peptide tag,         wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein are linked via an         isopeptide bond between the first and second peptide tag, and         wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment the first peptide tag comprises at least one SpyCatcher, and the second peptide tag comprises a SpyTag, wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein are linked via the interaction between the SpyCatcher and the SpyTag interaction, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment, the first peptide tag comprises two SpyCatchers. Thus in one embodiment, two SpyCatchers are fused to the AP205 capsid protein, one at each terminus.

In some embodiments the SpyCatcher is fused to the capsid protein via a spacer. In one embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the AP205 capsid protein via a spacer. Suitable spacers are known in the art and include spacers such as Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 83).

In an embodiment the virus capsid protein is an AP205 capsid protein and the first peptide tag is a SpyCatcher, wherein the SpyCatcher is linked to the N-terminal of the AP205 capsid protein.

In an embodiment the first peptide tag comprises at least one Spytag, and the second peptide tag comprises a SpyCatcher, wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein are linked via the interaction between the SpyCatcher and SpyTag interaction, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment, the first peptide tag comprises two SpyTags. Thus in one embodiment, two SpyTags are fused to the AP205 capsid protein, one at each terminus.

In another embodiment the first peptide tag comprises a SpyTag, and the second peptide tag comprises a KTag, and wherein the vaccine optionally comprises a SpyLigase, and wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein are linked via the interaction between the SpyTag and KTag, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen. In a further embodiment the first peptide tag is a SpyTag and the second peptide tag is a KTag.

In another embodiment the first peptide tag comprises a KTag, and the second peptide tag comprises a SpyTag, and wherein the vaccine optionally comprises a SpyLigase wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein are linked via the interaction between the KTag and SpyTag, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In another embodiment the virus capsid protein comprises or is an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein.

In an embodiment the first peptide tag as described herein is fused to the N- and/or C-terminus of AP205 capsid protein and/or fr protein capsid.

In an embodiment the at least one first peptide tag as described herein is fused to the N- and/or C-terminus of AP205 capsid protein and/or fr protein capsid via a spacer.

In an embodiment the first peptide tag as described herein is fused to the N-terminus of AP205 capsid protein.

In an embodiment the first peptide tag as described herein is fused to the C-terminus of AP205 capsid protein. In an embodiment the peptide tag fused to the C-terminus of AP205 is not a SpyCatcher.

In an embodiment the at least one first peptide tag as described herein is two first peptide tags, wherein the two peptide tags are identical, and wherein one of the two peptide tags is fused to the N-terminus of AP205 capsid protein and the other one is fused to the C-terminus of AP205 capsid protein. In one embodiment, the two first peptide tags are two SpyTags.

In an embodiment the first peptide tag as described herein is fused to the N-terminus of fr capsid protein.

In an embodiment the first peptide tag as described herein is fused to the C-terminus of fr capsid protein.

In an embodiment the first peptide tag comprises a SpyTag, SpyCatcher and/or KTag as described herein. In a further embodiment the first peptide tag is a SpyTag, SpyCatcher and/or KTag as described herein.

In one embodiment where the first peptide tag is a SpyCatcher, the fusion to the capsid protein is to said capsid protein's N-terminus.

In another embodiment said interaction comprises an isopeptide bond based interaction. In another embodiment the SpyTag and KTag according to any one of the preceding claims are linked by means of a SpyLigase.

In a main aspect the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to a SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and AP205 and/or phage fr are irreversibly         linked through a spontaneous isopeptide bond formation between         Spytag and SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like         particle displaying said antigen. In a further aspect the         SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid         protein.

In an embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyCatcher having a polypeptide sequence at least         70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as         95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such         as 99.5%, such as 100% identical to the polypeptide sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 76, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to a SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and AP205 and/or phage fr are irreversibly         linked through a spontaneous isopeptide bond formation between         Spytag and SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like         particle displaying said antigen.

In another main aspect, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyTag, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr         capsid protein are irreversibly linked through a spontaneous         isopeptide bond formation between Spytag and SpyCatcher, and         wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment, the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyTag is able to form a virus-like particle.

The inventors of the present invention have demonstrated formation of AP205 VLP's by recombinant expression of the AP205 capsid protein, preferably in Escherichia coli cells, such as BL21 cells. Other conditions and expression hosts (such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia Pastoris) may work as well.

In an embodiment, the antigen is capable of eliciting an immune reaction in an animal, such as a mammal, such as a cow, pig, horse, sheep, goat, llama, mouse, rat, monkey, most preferably such as a human being; or a bird such as a chicken, or fish such as a Salmon.

It has long been an attractive goal to exploit the VLPs as an immunogenicity-boosting platform for inducing immune responses against heterologous antigens by using them as molecular scaffolds for antigen display. Thus another aspect of the present invention relates to an antigen display scaffold, comprising an assembled virus-like particle comprising:

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage         fr capsid protein are linked through a spontaneous isopeptide         bond formation between Spytag and SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii         form an antigen display scaffold. In a further aspect the         SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid         protein.

Thus another aspect of the present invention relates to an antigen display scaffold, comprising an assembled virus-like particle comprising:

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyTag, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage         fr capsid protein are linked through a spontaneous isopeptide         bond formation between Spytag and SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii         form an antigen display scaffold.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of producing a non-naturally occurring, ordered and repetitive antigen array comprising

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising a SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage         fr capsid protein are linked through a spontaneous isopeptide         bond formation between Spytag and SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii         form a non-naturally occurring, ordered and repetitive antigen         array. In a further aspect SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus         of the capsid protein.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of producing a non-naturally occurring, ordered and repetitive antigen array comprising

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein         comprising at least one SpyTag, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage         fr capsid protein are linked through a spontaneous isopeptide         bond formation between Spytag and SpyCatcher, and wherein i-ii         form a non-naturally occurring, ordered and repetitive antigen         array.

Diseases and Medical Indications

The present invention is a novel, generic, and easy-to-use-approach to conjugate various antigens to a VLP. Depending on the antigen, the VLP-based vaccines of the present invention can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of a wide range of diseases. The diseases which the present invention may be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of include but are not limited to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, allergic diseases, chronic diseases, neurologic diseases, and/or infectious diseases.

In an embodiment an antigen which is associated with at least one cancer disease is linked to the virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein via the interaction between SpyCatcher and SpyTag. In a further embodiment the present VLP vaccine may be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the cancer and/or cancers which the antigen is associated with.

In an embodiment, an antigen which is associated with at least one cardiovascular disease is linked to the virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein via the interaction between SpyCatcher and SpyTag. In a further embodiment the present VLP vaccine can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the cardiovascular disease and/or cardiovascular diseases which the antigen is associated with.

In an embodiment, an antigen which is associated with at least one allergic disease is linked to the virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein via the interaction between SpyCatcher and SpyTag. In a further embodiment the present VLP vaccine can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the allergic disease and/or allergic diseases which the antigen is associated with.

In an embodiment, an antigen which is associated with at least one infectious disease is linked to the virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein via the interaction between SpyCatcher and SpyTag. In a further embodiment the present VLP vaccine can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the infectious disease and/or infectious diseases which the antigen is associated with.

In an embodiment, an antigen which is associated with at least one chronic disease is linked to the virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein via the interaction between SpyCatcher and SpyTag. In a further embodiment the present VLP vaccine can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the chronic disease and/or chronic diseases which the antigen is associated with.

In an embodiment, an antigen which is associated with at least one neurologic disease is linked to the virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein via the interaction between SpyCatcher and SpyTag. In a further embodiment the present VLP vaccine can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the neurologic disease and/or neurologic diseases which the antigen is associated with.

A non-exhaustive list of antigens which may be used by the present invention is outlined in table 1 and table 2. In addition, table 1 show examples of specific diseases the antigens are associated with as well as examples of patient groups which may be in need of prophylaxis and/or treatment using the antigen-VLP vaccines of the present invention.

TABLE 1 Non-exhaustive list of antigens or parts hereof that could be used in treatment of specific diseases/medical indications in various patient groups. Examples of Examples of a specific antigens (non- disease (non- Examples of patient group (non- exhaustive) exhaustive) exhaustive) Her2/Neu Breast cancer Females overexpressing Her2 (ERBB2) Her2/Neu Gastric cancer Males and Females overexpressing Her2 (ERBB2) Her2/Neu Ovarian cancer Females overexpressing Her2 (ERBB2) Her2/Neu Uterine serous Postmenopausal Females overexpressing (ERBB2) carcinoma Her2 Survivin Cancer types Males and non-pregnant Females overexpressing Survivin overexpressing Survivin PCSK9 cardiovascular disease Males and Females with dyslipidemia PCSK9 cardiovascular disease Males and Females with atherosclerosis PCSK9 cardiovascular disease Males and Females with hypercholesterolemia Interleukin-5 Asthma Males and Females with eosinophilia Interleukin-5 nasal polyposis Males and Females with eosinophilia Interleukin-5 atopic dermatitis Males and Females with eosinophilia Interleukin-5 eosinophilic esophagitis Males and Females with eosinophilia Interleukin-5 Hypereosinophilic Males and Females with eosinophilia syndrome Interleukin-5 Churg-Strauss syndrome Males and Females with eosinophilia Ag85A Tuberculosis Males and Females with tuberculosis PfRH5 Malaria Males and Females with malaria VAR2CSA Malaria Females with malaria PfEMP1, Malaria Males and Females with malaria CIDR1a GLURP Malaria Males and Females with malaria MSP3 Malaria Males and Females with malaria Pfs25 Malaria Males and Females with malaria CSP Malaria Males and Females with malaria PfSEA-1 Malaria Males and Females with malaria Hemagglutinin Influenza Males and Females with influenza HA Interleukin-17 Psoriasis Males and Females with Psoriasis Interleukin-17 Multiple sclerosis Males and Females with multiple sclerosis Interleukin-17 Rheumatoid arthritis Males and Females with rheumatoid arthritis Interleukin-17 Inflammatory bowel Males and Females with inflammatory diseases bowel diseases Interleukin-17 Asthma Males and Females with Asthma IL-33 Asthma Males and Females with Asthma IgE Asthma Males and Females with Asthma Gp160 HIV Males and Females with HIV Gp120 HIV Males and Females with HIV Gp40 HIV Males and Females with HIV GD2 Cancer cell types Males and Females with GD2 expressing expressing GD2 (e.g. tumors. melanomas, osteosarcoma and soft- tissue sarcomas) EGF-R Cancer cell types Males and Females with EGF-R expressing EGF-R (e.g. expressing tumors. metastatic colorectal and head and neck cancer) CEA Cancer cell types Males and Females with CEA expressing expressing CEA (e.g. tumors. colon and rectal cancer or pancreatic, breast, ovary, or lung cancer. CD52 Chronic lymphocytic Males and Females with chronic leukemia lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), cutaneous (CLL), cutaneous T-cell T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and lymphoma or multiple sclerosis. T-cell lymphoma or multiple sclerosis CD21 B-cell cancers Males and Females with B-cell cancers human melanoma Cancer cell types Males and Females with melanoma. protein gp100 expressing human melanoma protein gp 100 (e.g. Melanoma). human melanoma Cancer cell types Males and Females with melanoma. protein melan- expressing human A/MART-1 melanoma protein melan-A/MART-1 (e.g. Melanoma) tyrosinase Melanoma Males and Females with melanoma NA17-A nt Melanoma Males and Females with melanoma protein MAGE-3 protein melanoma, non-small Males and Females with melanoma, non- cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer or hematologic hematologic malignancies malignancies. p53 protein Cancer cell types Males and Females with tumors expressing p53 expressing p53 HPV 16 E7 Cancers of the cervix, HPV infected males and females protein vulva, vagina, penis, oropharynx and anus. HPV L2 Cancers of the cervix, HPV infected males and females vulva, vagina, penis, oropharynx and anus. PD-L1 Cancer types PD-L1 Males and females with tumors expressing PD-L1 PD-L1 Cancer types PD1 Males and females with tumors expressing PD1 CTLA-4 Cancer types CTLA-4 Males and females with tumors expressing CTLA-4 hCG Cancer cell types Males and Females with tumors expressing hCG expressing hCG Fel d1 Cat allergy Males and females allergic to cats (IHNV) G- Infectious Salmon and trout infected with IHNV protein haematopoietic necrosis (IHN)

The disclosed antigens may as well be relevant for the use in other patient groups and/or against other specific or related diseases. In an embodiment at least two such as three, four, and/or five antigens may be combined.

In one embodiment, the AP205 capsid protein is fused at its N-terminus and/or at its C-terminus to a SpyCatcher and the antigen is fused to a SpyTag and is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein. In one embodiment, the AP205 capsid protein is fused to a SpyCatcher at its N-terminus and the antigen is fused to a SpyTag and is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein. In another embodiment, the AP205 capsid protein is fused to a SpyCatcher at its C-terminus and the antigen is fused to a SpyTag and is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein. In another embodiment, the AP205 capsid protein is fused to a SpyCatcher at its N-terminus and at its C-terminus and the antigen is fused to a SpyTag and is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4,p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein.

In other embodiments, the AP205 capsid protein is fused at its N-terminus and/or at its C-terminus to a SpyTag and the antigen is fused to a SpyCatcher and is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L, CTLA-4,p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein. In one embodiment, the AP205 capsid protein is fused to a SpyTag at its N-terminus and the antigen is fused to a SpyCatcher and is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4,p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein. In another embodiment, the AP205 capsid protein is fused to a SpyTag at its C-terminus and the antigen is fused to a Spy SpyCatcher Tag and is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4,p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein. AP205 capsid protein is fused to a SpyTag at its N-terminus and at its C-terminus and the antigen is fused to a SpyCatcher and is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4,p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein.

TABLE 2 Non-exhaustive list of diseases/medical indications and target antigen/organisms of the present VLP vaccine. Disease: Target antigen/Organism: Cancer: Her2/Neu (ERBB2)/Homo Sapiens Survivin (Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5)/Homo Sapiens GD2/Homo Sapiens. EGF-R/Homo Sapiens. CEA/Homo Sapiens. CD52/Homo Sapiens. human melanoma protein gp100/Homo Sapiens. human melanoma protein melan-A/MART-1/Homo Sapiens. tyrosinase/Homo Sapiens. NA17-A nt protein/Homo Sapiens. MAGE-3 protein/Homo Sapiens. p53 protein/Homo Sapiens. HPV 16 E7 protein/Human papillomavirus HPV L2 protein/Human papillomavirus PD1/Homo Sapiens PD-L1/Homo Sapiens CTLA-4/Homo Sapiens hCG/Homo Sapiens. (IHNV) G-protein/Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus Cardiovascular disease: PCSK9 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9)/Homo Sapiens Asthma/Allergies: IL-5 (Interleukin-5)/Homo Sapiens Fel d1 Tuberculosis: Ag85A (Diacylglycerol cyltransferase/mycolyltransferase)/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis Malaria: Reticulocyte-binding protein homologue 5 (PfRH5)/Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA (domain, ID1-ID2a)/Plasmodium falciparum CIDR1a domain of PfEMP1, Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate rich protein (GLURP)/Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3)/Plasmodium falciparum 25 kDa ookinete surface antigen (Pfs25)/Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite protein (CSP)/Plasmodium falciparum Schizont egress antigen-1 (PfSEA-1)/Plasmodium falciparum Multiple sclerosis CD52/Homo Sapiens Contraception hCG Influenza HA

The vaccine of the present invention may as well be used against other diseases and/or use other antigens.

In an embodiment of the present invention the medical indication is selected from the group consisting of a cardiovascular disease, an immune-inflammatory disease, a chronic disease, a neurologic disease and an infectious disease and cancer. In a particular embodiment the medical indication is an immune-inflammatory disease. In another particular embodiment the medical indication is a cardiovascular disease. In another embodiment the medical indication is a chronic disease. In another embodiment the medical indication is a neurologic disease. In another embodiment the medical indication is a cardiovascular disease or an immune-inflammatory disease.

In another embodiment the antigen is a polypeptide, peptide and/or an antigenic fragment of a polypeptide associated with an abnormal physiological response such as a cardiovascular disease and/or an allergic reaction/disease. In a particular embodiment the abnormal physiological response is a cancer.

In a further embodiment the antigen is a protein, peptide and/or an antigenic fragment associated with a medical indication disclosed in the present invention.

Cancer and Associated Antigens

In 2012 more than 14 million adults were diagnosed with cancer and there were more than 8 million deaths from cancer, globally. Consequently, there is a need for efficient cancer therapeutics.

One characteristic of cancer cells is abnormal expression levels of genes and proteins. One example of a cancer associated gene is HER2, which is overexpressed in 20% of all breast cancers and is associated with increased metastatic potential and poor patient survival. Although cancer cells express cancer associated antigens in a way that immunologically distinguishes them from normal cells, most cancer associated antigens are only weakly immunogenic because most cancer associated antigens are “self” proteins which are generally tolerated by the host. The present invention has solved this problem by an effective antigen-VLP based vaccine which is capable of activating the immune system to react against for example cancer associated antigens and overcome the immunological tolerance to such antigens. Different cancers are characterized by having different cancer associated antigens. Survivin is regarded to be overexpressed in most cancer cells and could also be used in the present invention. Therefore the present invention may be used in treatment/prophylaxis of most types of cancers that overexpress a tumor associated antigen.

The antigen is linked to the virus capsid protein of the present invention. By way of example the antigen is linked to the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein of the present invention via the interaction between SpyCatcher and SpyTag (see FIG. 1 for a general concept of the present invention). In one embodiment, the antigen is linked to AP205 capsid protein fused to one or more SpyTag via the interaction between SpyTag and SpyCatcher. In one embodiment, the antigen is linked to AP205 capsid protein fused to two SpyTags, one at each terminus.

In one embodiment the antigen is linked to AP205 capsid protein fused to one or more SpyCatcher via the interaction between SpyTag and SpyCatcher. In one embodiment, the antigen is linked to AP205 capsid protein fused to two SpyCatchers, one at each terminus. Thereby the present invention provides effective antigen-VLP based vaccine which is capable of activating the immune system to react against for example cancer associated antigens and overcome immunological tolerance to such antigens. In an embodiment the VLP vaccine of the present invention can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the cancer which the antigen is associated with.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a cancer associated antigen linked to the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein via the interaction between SpyCatcher and SpyTag. In a further embodiment the present VLP vaccine can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the cancer which the antigen is associated with.

In another embodiment the present invention is used in treatment/prophylaxis of any type of cancer which overexpresses an antigen. The type of cancer which the invention may be used against is determined by the choice of antigen.

It is known that oncoviruses can cause cancer. Therefore in an embodiment the vaccine of the present invention comprises an oncovirus associated antigen linked to the AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein via the interaction between the SpyCatcher, KTag and/or SpyTag.

In a further embodiment the present vaccine can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the cancer which the antigen is associated with.

In an embodiment the antigen is a protein or peptide or an antigenic fragment of a polypeptide associated with a cancer selected from the group comprising of Adrenal Cancer, Anal Cancer, Bile Duct Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Bone Cancer, Brain/CNS Tumors in adults, Brain/CNS Tumors In Children, Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer In Men, Cancer in Adolescents, Cancer in Children, Cancer in Young Adults, Cancer of Unknown Primary, Castleman Disease, Cervical Cancer, Colon/Rectum Cancer, Endometrial Cancer, Esophagus Cancer, Ewing Family Of Tumors, Eye Cancer, Gallbladder Cancer, Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor, Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, Hodgkin Disease, Kaposi Sarcoma, Kidney Cancer, Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer, Leukemia. Acute Lymphocytic in Adults, Leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Leukemia in Children, Liver Cancer, Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Lung Carcinoid Tumor, Lymphoma, Lymphoma of the Skin, Malignant Mesothelioma, Multiple Myeloma, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Neuroblastoma, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma In Children, Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer, Osteosarcoma, Ovarian Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Penile Cancer, Pituitary Tumors, Prostate Cancer, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Salivary Gland Cancer, Adult Soft Tissue Cancer Sarcoma, Skin Cancer, Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer, Melanoma Skin Cancer, Merkel Cell Skin cancer, Small Intestine Cancer, Stomach Cancer, Testicular Cancer, Thymus Cancer, Thyroid Cancer, Uterine Sarcoma, Vaginal Cancer, Vulvar Cancer, Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, and Wilms Tumor.

In a preferred embodiment the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine serous carcinoma.

Linking the Her2/Neu (ERBB2) and/or Survivin or an antigenic fragment hereof to the VLP forms a VLP based vaccine which is capable of activating the immune system to react against for example cells with high Her2/Neu (ERBB2) and/or Survivin expression and overcome immunological tolerance. In an embodiment the Her2/Neu (ERBB2) and/or Survivin VLP vaccine of the present invention can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the herein disclosed cancer disease and/or other cancer diseases. Using a similar reasoning other cancer disease associated antigen-VLP based vaccines may be used against any cancer disease. Such antigens may be chosen from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein.

In an embodiment the antigen of the present invention is Her2/Neu (ERBB2) and/or Survivin or an antigenic fragment hereof, wherein the antigen is associated with and directed against at least one of the herein disclosed types of cancers. In an embodiment the antigen of the present disclosure is interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein or an antigenic fragment thereof, wherein the antigen is associated with and directed against at least one of the herein disclosed types of cancers.

In an embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of one of the herein disclosed cancers wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. a cancer associated antigen such as Her2/Neu (ERBB2) and/or         Survivin or an antigenic fragment of Her2/Neu (ERBB2) and/or         Survivin fused to SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the Spytag and the SpyCatcher insert of the         AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein, and wherein         i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of one of the herein disclosed cancers wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising SpyTag and/or KTag, and     -   ii. a cancer associated antigen such as Her2/Neu (ERBB2) and/or         Survivin or an antigenic fragment of Her2/Neu (ERBB2) and/or         Survivin fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag and/or KTag         insert of the AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid         protein, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying         said antigen.

In another embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of one of the herein disclosed cancers wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising SpyTag and/or KTag, and     -   ii. a cancer associated antigen consisting of interleukin-17,         hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma         protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase,         NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53,         hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein or an antigenic fragment hereof         fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag and/or KTag         insert of the AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid         protein, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying         said antigen.

In an embodiment the antigen fused to SpyCatcher at its N or C-termini and is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein or an antigenic fragment hereof.

In an embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of one of the herein disclosed cancers wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. a cancer associated antigen such as GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52,         CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein         melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2,         PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53 and hCG or an antigenic fragment thereof         fused to a SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein are linked via         the interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag, and         wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.         In a further embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of         the AP205 capsid protein. In a further embodiment, SpyCatcher is         fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein via a         spacer. In a further embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the         C-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein. In a further embodiment,         SpyCatcher is fused to the C-terminus of the AP205 capsid         protein via a spacer. In a further embodiment SpyCatcher is         fused to the C-terminus and to the N-terminus of the AP205         capsid protein. In a further embodiment, SpyCatcher is fused to         the C-terminus and to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein         via a spacer.

In another embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of one of the herein disclosed cancers wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising one or more SpyTags, and     -   ii. a cancer associated antigen such as GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52,         CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein         melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2,         PD1, PD-L, CTLA-4, p53 and hCG or an antigenic fragment thereof         fused to a SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein are linked via         the interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag, and         wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.         In a further embodiment SpyTag is fused to the N-terminus of the         AP205 capsid protein. In a further embodiment SpyTag is fused to         the C-terminus of the AP205 protein. In another embodiment two         SpyTags are fused to the AP205 capsid protein, one in each         terminus.

In an embodiment the antigen fused to SpyTag comprises a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79 and/or a sequence variant hereof.

Cardiovascular Diseases and Associated Antigens

An estimated 17.3 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in 2008, representing 30% of all global deaths. Addressing risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, diabetes and raised lipids are important for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, the need for preventive pharmaceutical measures is increasingly important. The present invention may be used in treatment/prophylaxis of most types of cardiovascular diseases. The type of cardiovascular disease which the invention may be used against is decided by the choice of antigen.

In an embodiment of the invention the antigen is a protein or peptide or an antigenic fragment of a polypeptide associated with a disease selected from the group comprising a lipid disorder such as hyperlipidemia, type I, type II, type III, type IV, or type V hyperlipidemia, secondary hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, xanthomatosis, cholesterol acetyltransferase deficiency, an ateriosclerotic condition (e.g., atherosclerosis), a coronary artery disease, a cardiovascular disease.

In an embodiment of the invention the antigen is a protein or peptide or an antigenic fragment of a polypeptide associated with a cardiovascular disease. In a further embodiment the cardiovascular disease is selected from the group consisting of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and hypercholesterolemia.

One example of a polypeptide associated with a cardiovascular disease is PCSK9 which acts in cholesterol homeostasis. Blockage of PCSK9 has medical significance and can lower the plasma and/or serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Reducing LDL-C reduces the risk of for example heart attacks.

Linking the PCSK9 antigen to the VLP forms a PCSK9-VLP based vaccine which is capable of activating the immune system to produce antibodies that bind PCSK9 and either clear PCSK9 from the bloodstream or hinders binding of PCSK9 to the LDL receptor, thereby lowering the LDL-C levels and the risk of heart attacks. In an embodiment, the PCSK9-VLP vaccine of the present invention can be used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of the herein disclosed cardiovascular disease and/or other cardiovascular diseases. Using a similar reasoning other cardiovascular disease associated antigen-VLP based vaccines may be used against any cardiovascular disease.

In a preferred embodiment the antigen comprises PCSK9 or an antigenic fragment hereof, wherein the antigen is associated with and directed against at least one of the herein disclosed cardiovascular disease and/or other cardiovascular diseases.

In an embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of at least one of the herein disclosed cardiovascular diseases wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyTag and/or KTag, and     -   ii. a cardiovascular disease associated antigen such as PCSK9 or         an antigenic fragment hereof fused to a SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein, such as the         AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein are linked         via the interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag and/or         KTag of the virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid         protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein, and wherein i-ii form         a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment the antigen fused to SpyCatcher comprises SEQ ID NO: 20 and/or a sequence variant hereof. In an embodiment, the SpyTag is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein, optionally via a spacer.

In a most preferred embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of at least one of the herein disclosed cardiovascular diseases wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. a cardiovascular disease associated antigen such as PCSK9 or         an antigenic fragment hereof fused to a SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag, and wherein         i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen. In a         further embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the         AP205 capsid protein.

In an embodiment the antigen fused to SpyTag comprises SEQ ID NO: 81 and/or a sequence variant hereof. In an embodiment, the SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein, optionally via a spacer. In another embodiment two SpyCatchers are fused to the AP205 capsid protein, one at each terminus.

In one embodiment the vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of at least one of the herein disclosed cardiovascular diseases comprises:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising one or more SpyTag, and     -   ii. a cardiovascular disease associated antigen such as PCSK9 or         an antigenic fragment hereof fused to a SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag, and wherein         i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen. In a         further embodiment SpyTag is fused to the N-terminus of the         AP205 capsid protein, optionally via a spacer. In another         embodiment two SpyTags are fused to the AP205 capsid protein,         one at each terminus.

Immune-Inflammatory Diseases and Associated Antigens

The prevalence of immune-inflammatory diseases worldwide is rising dramatically in both developed and developing countries. According to World Health Organization statistics, hundreds of millions of subjects in the world suffer from allergic rhinitis and it is estimated that 300 million have asthma markedly affecting the quality of life of these individuals and negatively impacting the socio-economic welfare of society.

Interleukin 5 (IL-5) has been shown to play an instrumental role in eosinophilic inflammation in various types of allergies, including severe eosinophilic asthma. Eosinophils are regulated in terms of their recruitment, activation, growth, differentiation and survival by IL-5 which, consequently, has identified this cytokine as a primary target for therapeutic interventions.

Linking an IL-5 antigen or a fragment hereof to the VLP of the present invention forms an IL-5-VLP based vaccine which is capable of activating the immune system to react against IL-5. Consequently an IL-5-VLP based vaccine described in the present invention may be used in the treatment/prophylaxis of eosinophilic asthma or other immune-inflammatory diseases. Other immune-inflammatory disease associated antigens (e.g. IgE or interleukin 17 or IL-17) may be used by the present invention using a similar reasoning. Consequently an IL-17-VLP based vaccine described in the present invention may be used in the treatment/prophylaxis of eosinophilic asthma or other immune-inflammatory diseases. The type of asthma or allergy or other immune-inflammatory disease which the invention may be used against is decided by the choice of antigen. In an embodiment the antigen is a protein or peptide or an antigenic fragment of a polypeptide associated with one or more asthma or immune-inflammatory diseases disclosed herein. In a preferred embodiment the asthma or immune-inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of eosinophilic asthma, allergy, nasal polyposis, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and Churg-Strauss syndrome.

In a preferred embodiment the antigen comprises IL-5, IL-17 or an antigenic fragment hereof, wherein the antigen is associated with and directed against at least one of the herein disclosed asthma or allergy diseases and/or other immune-inflammatory diseases.

In an embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of one of the herein disclosed immune-inflammatory diseases wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or a         phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyTag and/or KTag, and     -   ii. an antigen such as IL-5 or IL-17 or an antigenic fragment         hereof fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag and/or KTag         site of the virus capsid protein, and wherein i-ii form a         virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment the antigen is IL-17.

In an embodiment the antigen fused to SpyCatcher is IL-5. In one embodiment the antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 19 and/or a sequence variant hereof.

In one embodiment the AP205 capsid protein is fused to one or more SpyTags. In one embodiment, the AP205 capsid protein is fused to two SpyTags, one at each terminus of the capsid protein.

In a preferred embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of one of the herein disclosed immune-inflammatory diseases wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. an antigen such as IL-5 or IL-17 or an antigenic fragment         hereof fused to SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag, and wherein         i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen. In a         further embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the         AP205 capsid protein. In one embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to         the AP205 capsid protein via a spacer.

In an embodiment the antigen is IL-17.

In an embodiment the antigen fused to SpyTag comprises SEQ ID NO: 80 and/or a sequence variant hereof.

Infectious Diseases and Associated Antigens

Tuberculosis and malaria are two major infectious diseases. In 2012, an estimated 207 million cases of malaria occurred which resulted in more than 500.000 deaths. Also in 2012, an estimated 8.6 million people developed tuberculosis and 1.3 million died from the disease. The current methods of treatment are insufficient and some have resulted in drug resistance. Consequently there is a need for new and efficient drugs for treatment/prophylaxis of tuberculosis and malaria. Linking a malaria or tuberculosis associated-antigen or a fragment hereof to the VLP of the present invention forms a VLP based vaccine which is capable of activating the immune system to react against for example malaria or tuberculosis. Using a similar line of reasoning the present invention may be used in treatment/prophylaxis of most infectious disease. The type of infectious disease which the invention may be used against is decided by the choice of antigen.

In an embodiment the antigen fused to the SpyTag or SpyCatcher of the present invention is a protein or peptide or an antigenic fragment of a polypeptide associated with an infectious disease such as tuberculosis and/or malaria.

In a further embodiment an antigen from Plasmodium falciparum: is fused to the SpyCatcher of the present invention for use in treatment/prophylaxis of malaria.

In a further embodiment an antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is fused to the SpyCatcher of the present invention for use in treatment/prophylaxis of tuberculosis.

In a further embodiment the antigen is selected from the group consisting of Ag85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, PfRH5 from Plasmodium falciparum, VAR2CSA (domain, ID1-ID2a) from Plasmodium falciparum, CIDR1a domain, of PfEMP1 from Plasmodium falciparum, GLURP from Plasmodium falciparum, MSP3 from Plasmodium falciparum, Pfs25 from Plasmodium falciparum, CSP from Plasmodium falciparum, and PfSEA-1 from Plasmodium falciparum or an antigenic fragment of the disclosed antigens. In another embodiment the antigen comprises a fusion construct between MSP3 and GLURP (GMZ2) from Plasmodium falciparum.

In a further embodiment the antigen is a hemagglutinin (HA) antigen from the influenza virus or an antigenic fragment thereof.

In another embodiment the antigen of the present invention comprises a protein, or an antigenic fragment hereof, from the pathogenic organism which causes the infectious disease.

In one embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of one of the herein disclosed infectious diseases wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyTag insert, and     -   ii. an antigen associated with an infectious disease such as         Ag85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, PfRH5 from Plasmodium         falciparum, VAR2CSA (domain, ID1-ID2a) from Plasmodium         falciparum, CIDR1a domain, of PfEMP1 from Plasmodium falciparum,         GLURP from Plasmodium falciparum, MSP3 from Plasmodium         falciparum, Pfs25 from Plasmodium falciparum, CSP from         Plasmodium falciparum, PfSEA-1 from Plasmodium falciparum:         and/or HA from influenza virus or an antigenic fragment hereof         fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag, and wherein         i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment the antigen fused to SpyCatcher comprises SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28 and/or SEQ ID NO: 82 and/or a sequence variant hereof. In one embodiment the antigen fused to SpyCatcher comprises SEQ ID NO: 21. In one embodiment the antigen fused to SpyCatcher comprises SEQ ID NO: 24. In one embodiment the antigen fused to SpyCatcher comprises SEQ ID NO: 28. In one embodiment, the antigen fused to SpyCatcher comprises SEQ ID NO: 82.

In one embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of one of the herein disclosed infectious diseases wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher insert, and     -   ii. an antigen associated with an infectious disease such as         Ag85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, PfRH5 from Plasmodium         falciparum. VAR2CSA (domain, ID1-ID2a) from Plasmodium         falciparum, CIDR1a domain, of PfEMP1 from Plasmodium falciparum,         GLURP from Plasmodium falciparum, MSP3 from Plasmodium         falciparum, Pfs25 from Plasmodium falciparum, CSP from         Plasmodium falciparum, PfSEA-1 from Plasmodium falciparum and/or         HA from influenza virus or an antigenic fragment hereof fused to         SpyTag,         wherein the antigen and the virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag, and wherein         i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen. In a         further embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the         AP205 capsid protein.

In an embodiment the antigen fused to Spytag comprises SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28 and/or SEQ ID NO: 82 and/or a sequence variant hereof. In one embodiment the antigen fused to Spytag comprises SEQ ID NO: 21. In one embodiment the antigen fused to Spytag comprises SEQ ID NO: 24. In one embodiment the antigen fused to Spytag comprises SEQ ID NO: 28. In one embodiment, the antigen fused to Spytag comprises SEQ ID NO: 82.

Induction of an Immune Response in a Subject

Active vaccination (immunization), by delivering small doses of an antigen into a subject, is a way to activate a subject's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to the antigen. This allows a subjects body to react quickly and efficiently to future exposures.

An aspect of the invention relates to a method for inducing an immune response in a subject, the method comprising the steps of

-   -   i. obtaining a composition comprising at least one vaccine of         the present invention and/or     -   ii. administering said composition to a subject at least once         for prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease,         thereby inducing an immune response in the subject.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of immunizing a subject in need thereof, said method comprises the steps of:

-   -   i. obtaining a composition comprising at least one vaccine of         the present invention, and/or     -   ii. administering said composition to a subject at least once         for prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease.         thereby immunizing the subject in need thereof.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for obtaining a strong and long-lasting immune response in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising the steps of:

-   -   i. obtaining composition comprising a vaccine of the present         invention, and/or     -   ii. administering the vaccine to treat and/or prevent a clinical         condition in an subject in need thereof,         wherein the vaccine obtain a strong and long-lasting immune         response in the subject.

In an embodiment the method of inducing an immune response in a subject, immunizing a subject in need thereof, and/or obtaining a strong and long-lasting immune response further comprising at least one booster vaccine and/or a second active ingredient.

The AP205 VLP

An important element of the present VLP based vaccine is the AP205 capsid protein, which has the ability to spontaneously self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs). The use of AP205 VLP in the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. Surprisingly the present inventors have found that amino acid residues may be fused to the AP205 capsid protein at the AP205 capsid proteins N or C terminus without preventing VLP assembly while at the same time presenting the added amino acids on the outside of the assembled VLP where they are accessible for interactions. Specifically, SpyTag, SpyCatcher, and Ktag encoding residues may be fused to the N and/or C terminus of AP205. Thus it is an object of the present invention to fuse a protein tag to the N and/or C-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein. The AP205 capsid protein sequence is disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 58. Any variant of the AP205 protein that is capable of being expressed with a protein tag and that is still able to self-assemble into a VLP while presenting the protein tag on the outer surface of the VLP is an object of the present invention.

In an embodiment the AP205 capsid protein of the present invention comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 58, or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 85%, or 90% or 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58. By “biological active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

Direct fusion of six different peptide sequences to the N or C-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein was shown in 2010 by Tissot A C. et al. (Tissot A C. et al. PLoS ONE. 2010) to result in hybrid proteins capable of self-assembling into virus-like particles. However, the ability of fusing peptides to the N- or C-terminus of the AP205 coat protein without preventing VLP assembly is by no means certain and depends greatly on both the length and the precise amino acid composition of the fused peptide. Recently, Cielens I. et al. (Cielens I. et al. Mol. Biotechnol. 2014) tried to fuse a 111 amino acid sequence of the virus-neutralising domain III (DIII) of the West Nile virus glycoprotein E to the C-terminus of the AP205 coat protein. In this study recombinant expression of the AP205-DIII fusion protein failed to assemble into VLPs. Moreover, it has also been investigated if the coat protein of the distantly related bacteriophage fr can tolerate the insertion of peptide sequences at different amino acid positions near the N- and C-terminus. This study show that several N-terminal insertion mutants of the fr coat protein failed to assemble into VLPs but instead formed dimers (P. Pushko. et al. Protein Eng. 1993). Also, in this study the C-terminus of the fr coat protein could only tolerate insertion of three amino acids whereas insertion of a longer peptide prevented VLP assembly. The mentioned peptide insertion was specifically at position 2/3, and 128/129 of the fr coat protein and hence only internal insertions of amino acids into the coat protein fr have been described to date. The present inventors also observed that fusion of a monovalent streptavidin domain (mSA) in the N-terminus of AP205 prevented formation of VLPs; mSA has a size comparable to the size of the SpyCatcher.

In a preferred embodiment the virus capsid protein comprises an AP205 capsid protein fused to a SpyCatcher, wherein the capsid protein—SpyCatcher fusion protein is capable of forming a virus-like particle. In a further embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein optionally via a linker or spacer. In another embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the C-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein optionally via a linker or spacer. In one embodiment, one SpyCatcher is fused to the C-terminus of the Ap205 capsid protein and one SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein.

The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly shown that a SpyCatcher comprising more than 100 amino acids can be fused to a capsid protein such as an AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein, without disrupting the sensitive self-assembly process. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminal of the AP205 capsid protein using a short flexible Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ser linker (SEQ ID NO: 83 or any other appropriate linker sequence). Attempts to fuse SpyCatcher to the C-terminal of AP205 capsid protein resulted in no assembly of VLPs. In another embodiment a SpyCatcher is fused to the N- and/or C-terminal of phage fr capsid protein using a short flexible Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ser linker (SEQ ID NO: 83 or any other appropriate linker sequence).

In a most preferred embodiment the AP205-SpyCatcher fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76 or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:76 and/or any of the herein disclosed AP205 capsid proteins comprising the SpyCatcher polypeptide in the N terminal. By “biologically active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to an AP205 capsid protein comprising an N-terminal SpyCatcher which is capable of forming/self-assembling into a virus-like particle. In an embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein optionally via a linker. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the first 100 amino acids in the N terminus of the AP205. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the AP205 using a peptide linker, such as SEQ ID NO: 83. In an embodiment the AP205 capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher has a polypeptide sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% identical to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76. Another aspect of the present invention relates to an AP205 capsid protein comprising a N-terminal SpyCatcher which spontaneously can for a virus-like particle. In an embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein optionally via a linker. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the first 100 amino acids in the N terminal of the AP205. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the AP205 N terminal using a peptide linker, such as SEQ ID NO: 83. In an embodiment the AP205 capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher is having a polypeptide sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%6, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% identical to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76.

In another embodiment the AP205 capsid protein is fused to SpyTag.

The Phage fr VLP

Phage fr, or more precisely the phage fr capsid protein, is also an important element of the present invention. The phage fr capsid protein has the ability to spontaneously self-assemble into virus-like particles. Furthermore the phage fr capsid protein is capable of self-assembly even when amino acid residues are be fused to the phage fr capsid protein at the fr capsid proteins N terminus. Importantly, the fused amino acids are presented on the outer surface of the assembled fr VLP. Specifically, SpyTag, SpyCatcher, and/or Ktag encoding residues may be fused to the N terminus and/or the C-terminus of phage fr capsid protein. Thus it is an object of the present invention to fuse a protein tag to the N-terminus of the phage fr capsid protein. The phage fr capsid protein sequence is disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 59 and/or 78. Any variant of the phage fr capsid protein that is still capable of being expressed with a protein tag and still self-assemble is an object of the present invention.

In an embodiment the Phage fr capsid protein of the present invention comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 59 and/or 78, or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 59 and/or 78. By “biological active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to a phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher which is capable of forming/self-assembling into a virus-like particle. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to any one of the first 50 amino acids in the N terminal end and/or any one of the last 50 in the C terminal end of the phage fr capsid protein. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the phage fr capsid protein using a peptide linker, such as SEQ ID NO: 83. In an embodiment the phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher is having a polypeptide sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% identical to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher which spontaneously can form a virus-like particle. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to any one of the first 50 amino acids in the N terminal and/or any one of the last 50 in the C terminal of the phage fr capsid protein. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the phage fr capsid protein using a peptide linker, such as SEQ ID NO: 83. In an embodiment the phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher is having a polypeptide sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% identical to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78.

SpyTag and/or KTag and its Position in AP205 and/or Phage Fr

In an embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. AP205 capsid protein comprising one or more SpyTag and/or         KTag, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and the AP205 capsid protein are linked via         the interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag and/or         KTag, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying         said antigen.

In an embodiment the SpyTag and/or KTag polypeptide is fused to the N or C terminal of a virus capsid protein, such as an AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein. In an embodiment, two tags, for example two SpyTags or two SpyCatcher tags, are fused to the capsid protein such as the AP205 capsid protein, one at each terminus. Without being bound by theory, increasing the number of accessible SpyTags or SpyCatchers on the surface of a VLP should maximize the antigen binding capacity and result in a higher density of displayed antigen. This is the case for fusion of two SpyTags to the AP205 capsid protein, as shown in the below examples and FIG. 13. Whether fusion of two tags instead of one improves antigen binding can easily be tested by the skilled person.

In an embodiment the AP205 capsid protein comprising the SpyTag and/or KTag polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: (62, 64, 68, 69, 71, 74, and 76) or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to any of the herein disclosed AP205 capsid proteins comprising the SpyTag and/or KTag polypeptide. By “biological active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

In another embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a phage fr capsid protein comprising one or more SpyTag         and/or KTag, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher,         wherein the antigen and phage fr capsid protein are linked via         the interaction between the SpyCatcher and the Spytag insert         site of the phage fr capsid protein, and wherein i-ii form a         virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment the phage fr capsid protein comprising the SpyTag and/or KTag polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 78 or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to any of the herein disclosed phage fr capsid proteins comprising the SpyTag and/or KTag polypeptide. By “biological active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

SpyCatcher and its Position in AP205 and/or Phage Fr.

In an embodiment the SpyCatcher polypeptide is fused to the N or C terminal and/or fused to the first 1-15 amino acids (N-terminal) or the last 1-15 amino acids (C-terminal) of a phage fr capsid protein, optionally using a linker as described herein. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher polypeptide is fused to the N terminal and/or fused to the first 1-15 amino acids (N-terminal) of a AP205 capsid protein, optionally using a linker as described herein. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher fused to the virus capsid protein comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO. 76, and SEQ ID NO. 78, or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to the sequences of the group comprising SEQ ID NO. 76, and SEQ ID NO. 78. By “biologically active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

In an embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. the AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein         comprising SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyTag and/or KTag,         wherein the antigen and AP205 protein are linked via the         interaction between the Spytag and/or KTag and the SpyCatcher,         and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said         antigen. In an embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus         of the AP205 capsid protein optionally via a linker. In one         embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205         capsid protein via a GGSGS linker (SEQ ID NO: 83).

In an embodiment the SpyCatcher polypeptide is fused to the N terminal of a virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein or phage ft capsid protein. In one embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminal and to the C-terminal ends of a virus capsid protein such as the AP205 capsid protein.

In an embodiment the AP205 capsid protein comprising the SpyCatcher polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76 and/or 78 or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to any of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:76 and/or any of the herein disclosed AP205 capsid proteins comprising the SpyCatcher polypeptide in the N terminal. By “biologically active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

In a preferred embodiment the virus capsid protein comprises an AP205 capsid protein fused to a SpyCatcher, wherein the capsid protein—SpyCatcher fusion protein is capable of forming a virus-like particle. In an embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein optionally via a linker.

The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly shown that a SpyCatcher comprising more than 100 amino acids can be fused to a capsid protein such as an AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein, without disrupting the sensitive self-assembly process. In an embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminal of the AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein using a short flexible Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ser linker such SEQ ID NO: 83 or a sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83. Other peptide linkers may be used by the present invention.

In a most preferred embodiment the AP205-SpyCatcher fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76 or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76 and/or any of the herein disclosed AP205 capsid proteins comprising the SpyCatcher polypeptide in the N-terminal. By “biologically active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

In another embodiment the present invention concerns a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a phage fr capsid protein comprising SpyCatcher, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyTag and/or KTag,         wherein the antigen and phage fr capsid protein are linked via         the interaction between the Spytag and/or KTag and the         SpyCatcher insert site of the phage fr capsid protein, and         wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment the phage fr capsid protein comprising the SpyCatcher polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 78 or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to any of the herein disclosed phage fr capsid proteins comprising the SpyCatcher polypeptide. By “biological active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

Antigen Fused to SpyCatcher, SpyTag, and/or KTag.

SpyTag refers to a part of the CnaB2 domain from the FbaB protein from Streptococcus pyogenes optimized to bind SpyCatcher consisting of another part of the CnaB2 domain. The interaction occurs when the unprotonated amine of Lys31 nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl carbon of Asp117, catalyzed by the neighboring Glu77. The minimal peptide to mediate this binding is AHIVMVDA whereas a C-terminal extension giving the sequence: AHIVMVDAYKPTK provides the most optimal region, designated “SpyTag” (Zakeri et al PNAS 2012).

SpyCatcher is a part of the CnaB2 domain from the FbaB protein from Streptococcus pyogenes and binds SpyTag consisting of another part of the CnaB2 domain. When these two polypeptides of the CnaB2 domain are mixed, they will spontaneously form an irreversible isopeptide bond thereby completing the formation of the CnaB2 domain.

Thus when fusing an antigen to SpyCatcher and mixing e.g. with a VLP comprising a genetically engineered SpyTag we obtain a uniform presentation of said antigens. The 1:1 interaction between the SpyTag and SpyCatcher enables display of an antigen at high density, while being regularly spaced, and with consistent orientation on the surface of a VLP, thus solving three major critical factors for obtaining prober activation of the immune system.

In an embodiment the antigen as described by the present invention is fused to SpyCatcher or truncated versions hereof, SpyTag, and/or KTag. Examples of antigens fused to Spytag is illustrated, but not limited to SEQ ID NO: 79, 80, 81 and/or 82. The SpyTag may be fused any of the herein disclosed antigens. In addition, KTag and/or SpyCatcher can be used instead of the SpyTag for example in, but not limited to SEQ ID NO: 79, 80, 81 and/or 82.

Surprisingly the inventors have found that the SpyCatcher-antigen fusion proteins of the present invention express very well under expression conditions described herein. Previous attempts of expressing antigen-monovalent streptavidin fusion proteins have almost exclusively resulted in poor expression levels and/or insoluble protein.

In an embodiment the SpyCatcher used by the present invention comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37.

Truncated and homologous versions of SpyCatcher are also objects of the present invention and thus the term SpyCatcher herein denotes any variant of SpyCatcher that is still capable of interacting with SpyTag and/or KTag. Variants of SpyCatcher may include, but is not limited to truncated SpyCatcher variants. Truncated SpyCatcher variants may include, but are not limited to SEQ NO 60 and SEQ ID NO: 61. SpyCatcher variants such as truncated SpyCatcher variants may exhibit lower immunogenicity than wildtype SpyCatcher does, without influencing the ability to bind to SpyTag and/or KTag.

In an embodiment the SpyCatcher used by the present invention comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60.

In an embodiment the SpyCatcher used by the present invention comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61.

In another embodiment the ratio of AP205 capsid protein:SpyTag and/or KTag:SpyCatcher/antigen fusion is 1:1:1.

In another embodiment the ratio of Phage fr capsid protein:SpyTag and/or KTag:SpyCatcher/antigen fusion is 1:1:1.

In an embodiment the antigen as described by the present invention is fused to SpyCatcher or truncated versions hereof, SpyTag, and/or KTag.

Changing the position where the SpyCatcher is fused to the antigen (primarily at the N or C-termini) will allow changing the orientation of the antigen. This may be performed to enable the best possible display of the most immunogenic epitopes of the antigen. The best possible orientation may be different from antigen to antigen.

In another embodiment the antigen fused to SpyCatcher further comprises or includes an additional tag such as a purification tag. Such tags may be used for purification techniques known to the skilled person. The tag may be selected from the group comprising polyhistidine tag, Calmodulin-tag, polyglutamate tag, E-tag, FLAG-tag, HA-tag, Myc-tag, S-tag, SBP-tag, Softag 1, Softag 3, Strep-tag, Strep-tag II, TC tag, V5 tag, VSV-tag, and Xpress tag. Other peptide or non-peptide tags may be used instead or in combination with the above mentioned peptide tags. In a particular embodiment the tag is a polyhistidine tag, such as a 4×His, 5×His, 6×His, 7×His, 8×His, 9×His, or 10×His tag.

In an embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the antigen in any position. In another embodiment the SpyCatcher is fused to the antigen in the N-terminal, C-terminal, and/or is fused to the antigen into the coding sequence of the antigen. A person of skill will know how to fuse the antigen and SpyCatcher, without introducing stop-codons or causing frame shift or any other mutations.

In another embodiment SpyCatcher fused to the antigen comprises

-   -   i. a polypeptide sequence selected from the group consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ         ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID         NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 28, or     -   ii. a sequence variant of said polypeptide sequence, wherein the         sequence variant has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%,         such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as,         97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         sequence identity to the sequences of the group comprising SEQ         ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID         NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO:         26, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 28.

In a preferred embodiment SpyCatcher fused to the antigen comprises

-   -   i. a polypeptide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or     -   ii. a sequence variant of said polypeptide sequence, wherein the         sequence variant has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%,         such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as,         97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19.

In a most preferred embodiment SpyCatcher fused to the antigen comprises

-   -   i. a polypeptide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 18, and/or     -   ii. a sequence variant of said polypeptide sequence, wherein the         sequence variant has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%,         such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as,         97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18.

Peptide-Peptide Ligation by SpyLigase

A KTag/SpyTag/SpyLigase system may also be used in the present invention. The CnaB2 domain from Streptococcus pyogenes can be used to generate a covalent peptide-peptide ligation system (Fierer J O. et al. 2014). This is done by splitting the CnaB2 into three parts a) the 13 amino acid SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 36), b) the f-strand of CnaB2 (SEQ ID NO: 38)) named KTag, and c) the SpyLigase (SEQ ID 55) constructed from the remaining SpyCatcher polypeptide. By expressing the vaccine antigen with the small KTag fused at the C- or N-terminus and mixing that fusion protein with SpyTag-displaying VLPs together with the SpyLigase, the KTag-fusion antigen will be attached to the SpyTag-VLPs by covalent ligation of the SpyTag with the KTag facilitated by the SpyLigase. Conversely, the KTag may also be inserted genetically into the AP205 capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein whereby the vaccine antigen should then be fused to the SpyTag at the C- or N-terminus. A general aspect of the KTag/SpyTag/SpyLigase system is illustrated in FIG. 2. The SpyTag may also be fused to the antigen and the KTag may be inserted into to the VLP (Fierer J O. et al. 2014).

Thus, an aspect of the present invention relates to a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein         and/or a phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyTag described         herein, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to a KTag described herein, and     -   iii. optionally a SpyLigase         wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein, such as the AP205         capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein are linked via         the interaction between the SpyTag and KTag, and wherein i-ii         form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein         and/or a phage fr capsid protein comprising a KTag described         herein, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to a SpyTag described herein, and     -   iii. optionally a SpyLigase         wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein, such as the AP205         capsid protein and/or a phage fr capsid protein are linked via         the interaction between the KTag and SpyTag, and wherein i-ii         form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.

In an embodiment the SpyTag and KTag described herein are linked by means of a SpyLigase as described herein.

In an aspect of the present invention relates to a vector comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein         and/or a phage ft capsid protein comprising a SpyTag as         described herein, and/or     -   ii. an antigen fused to a KTag as described herein, and     -   iii. optionally a SpyLigase.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a vector comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as the AP205 capsid protein         and/or a phage fr capsid protein comprising a KTag as described         herein, and/or     -   ii. an antigen fused to a SpyTag as described herein, and     -   iii. optionally a SpyLigase

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a host cell, wherein the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; a virus capsid protein, such as the         AP205 capsid protein and/or phage ft capsid protein comprising a         SpyTag as described herein, and     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused to KTag as described         herein, and     -   iii. optionally a SpyLigase         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to a host cell, wherein the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; a virus capsid protein, such as the         AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein comprising a         KTag described herein, and     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused to SpyTag described         herein, and     -   iii. optionally a SpyLigase         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a vaccine and/or a vector and/or a host cell and/or a method of manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition, as described in the present invention, wherein the SpyTag is replaced by a KTag and/or SpyTag, and/or wherein the SpyCatcher is replaced by SpyTag and/or KTag.

Isopeptid/C-pilin System:

As part of a similar strategy for covalent coupling of vaccine-antigens at the surface of VLPs, another pair of split-protein binding partners may be used in the present invention. The major pilin protein, Spy0128, from Streptococcus pyogenes can be split into two fragments (split-Spy0128 (residues 18-299 of Spy0128) (SEQ ID NO: 57) and isopeptide (residues 293-308 of Spy0128 (TDKDMTITFTNKKDAE))) (SEQ ID NO: 56) which together are capable of forming an intermolecular covalent complex (Zakeri, B. et al. 2010). In line with the described SpyTag-SpyCatcher strategy, the Spy0128 isopeptide is genetically inserted into a surface exposed loop of the VLP and enables the stable attachment of vaccine antigens fused at the N or C-terminus with the split-Spy0128 binding partner.

Thus in a further aspect the present invention relates to a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising a Spy0128 isopeptide         insertion described herein, and     -   ii. an antigen fused to a split-Spy0128 described herein,         wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein are linked via the         interaction between the Spy0128 isopeptide and split-Spy0128,         and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said         antigen.

In one aspect the present invention concerns a vector comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding a) a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein comprising a Spy0128 isopeptide insertion, and b) an antigen fused to split-Spy0128.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a vaccine and/or a vector and/or a host cell and/or a method of manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition, as described in the present invention, wherein the SpyTag is replaced by a Spy0128 isopeptide, and wherein the SpyCatcher is replaced by split-Spy0128 as described herein.

Vector and Polynucleotide/Polypeptide Sequences

In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into a cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. The vector itself is generally a DNA sequence that consists of an insert (transgene) and a larger sequence that serves as the “backbone” of the vector. The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to another cell is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell. Expression vectors (expression constructs) specifically are for the expression of transgenes in target cells, and generally have a promoter sequence that drives expression of the transgene.

The heterologous expression/production of the vaccine of the present invention comprises two peptide components 1) a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein comprising one or two SpyTags or SpyCatchers and 2) an antigen fused to the other one of a SpyCatcher and a SpyTag. Thus in an embodiment of the present invention each of the peptide components are encoded by a polynucleotide sequence and each of the polynucleotide sequences may be expressed on one or two, different plasmids.

To enable heterologous expression/production of the vaccine one aspect of the present invention is a vector comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyTag, and/or     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher.

In one embodiment the vaccine is a vector comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher, and/or     -   ii. an antigen fused to a SpyTag.

In another embodiment the vector comprises at least two polynucleotides of the following polypeptides:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising one or more SpyTag, and/or     -   ii. an antigen fused to a SpyCatcher.

In another embodiment the vector comprises at least two polynucleotides of the following polypeptides:

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or         phage fr capsid protein comprising one or more SpyCatcher,         and/or     -   ii. an antigen fused to a SpyTag.

In one embodiment the vector comprises sequences encoding at least

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein such as the AP205 capsid protein fused         to two SpyTags, wherein one of the two SpyTags is fused to the         C-terminal end of the capsid protein and the other of the two         SpyTags is fused to the N-terminal end of the capsid protein,     -   ii. an antigen fused to SpyCatcher.

In one embodiment the vector comprises sequences encoding at least

-   -   i. a virus capsid protein such as the AP205 capsid protein fused         to two SpyCatchers, wherein one of the two SpyCatchers is fused         to the C-terminal end of the capsid protein and the other of the         two SpyCatchers is fused to the N-terminal end of the capsid         protein,     -   ii. an antigen fused to a SpyTag.

In a further embodiment the antigen fused to the SpyCatcher has a polynucleotide sequence comprising:

-   -   i. a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting         of SEQ ID 29, SEQ ID 30, SEQ ID 31, SEQ ID 32, SEQ ID 33, SEQ ID         34, SEQ ID 35, and/or     -   ii. a sequence variant of said polynucleotide sequence, wherein         the sequence variant has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%,         such as 850/%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as,         97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         sequence identity to said SEQ ID 11, SEQ ID 12, SEQ ID 13, SEQ         ID 14, SEQ ID 15, SEQ ID 16, SEQ ID 17, and/or     -   iii. a sequence variant of said polynucleotide, wherein the         codon usage is altered.

In an embodiment the SpyTag polypeptide, comprises the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 39.

In an embodiment the present invention relates to a vector comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding

-   -   i. an AP205 capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher, and/or     -   ii. an antigen fused to a SpyTag and/or KTag.

In a further embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein optionally via a linker.

In an embodiment the AP205 capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher comprises the polynucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide sequence of Seq ID No: 76 or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to polypeptide sequence of Seq ID No: 76 and/or any of the herein disclosed AP205 capsid proteins comprising the SpyCatcher polypeptide in the N terminal. By “biological active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

In an embodiment the phage fr capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher comprises the polynucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide sequence of Seq ID No: 78 or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to any of the herein disclosed phage fr capsid proteins comprising the SpyCatcher polypeptide. By “biologically active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

Host Cell

The invention further relates to a host cell comprising a polynucleotide and/or a vector. The polynucleotide may have a sequence that is codon-optimised. Codon optimisation methods are known in the art and allow optimised expression in a heterologous host organism or cell. In an embodiment the host cell may be selected from the group comprising bacteria, yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

Methods for expressing a first polypeptide: a virus capsid protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein comprising SpyTag, and/or a second polypeptide: an antigen fused to SpyCatcher in a host cell are known in the art. The first or second polypeptide may be heterologously expressed from corresponding polynucleotide sequences cloned into the genome of the host cell or they may be comprised within a vector. For example, a first and/or second polynucleotide coding for the first and/or second polypeptide is cloned into the genome, and a first and/or second polynucleotide coding for the first and/or second polypeptide is comprised within a vector transformed or transfected into the host cell. Alternatively, the first and/or second polynucleotide is comprised within a first vector and the first and/or second polynucleotide is comprised within a second vector and the first and/or second is comprised within a third vector.

Expression of the first and second, polypeptides in the host cell may occur in a transient manner. When the polynucleotide encoding one of the polypeptides is cloned into the genome, an inducible promoter may be cloned as well to control expression of the polypeptides. Such inducible promoters are known in the art. Alternatively, genes coding for suppressors of gene silencing may also be cloned into the genome or into a vector transfected within the host cell.

In a particular embodiment the host cell may be selected from the group comprising Escherichia coli, Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9), Trichoplusia ni (BTI-TN-5B1-4), Pichia Pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hansenula polymorpha, Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2), Lactococcus lactis, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), Human Embryonic Kidney 293, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun N N and Solanum tuberosum cv. Solara. Thus in an embodiment, the host cell is Escherichia coli. In another embodiment, the host cell is Spodoptera frugiperda. In another embodiment, the host cell is Pichia Pastoris. In another embodiment, the host cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In another embodiment, the host cell is Hansenula polymorpha. In another embodiment, the host cell is Drosophila Schneider 2. In another embodiment, the host cell is Lactococcus lactis. In another embodiment, the host cell is Chinese hamster ovary (CHO). In another embodiment, the host cell is Human Embryonic Kidney 293. In another embodiment, the host cell is Trichoplusia ni (BTI-TN-5B1-4). In another embodiment, the host cell is Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun N N. In another embodiment, the host cell is Solanum tuberosum cv. Solara.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a host cell expressing at least one polypeptide encoded by any of the polynucleotides disclosed by the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment the expression of an AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein, comprising a SpyCatcher, wherein the capsid protein—SpyCatcher fusion protein is capable of forming a virus-like particle. In a further embodiment SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminus of the AP205 capsid protein optionally via a linker.

The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly shown that a SpyCatcher comprising more than 100 amino acids can be fused to a capsid protein such as to the N terminal of an AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein, without disrupting the sensitive self-assembly process.

In an embodiment the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; a virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein comprising a         SpyCatcher, and/or     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused to a SpyTag,         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In a most preferred embodiment the host cell expresses an AP205 capsid protein comprising a SpyCatcher comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76 or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76 and/or any of the herein disclosed AP205 capsid proteins comprising the SpyCatcher polypeptide in the N terminal. By “biological active” is meant the ability to form a virus-like particle.

In an embodiment the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; a virus capsid protein, such as AP205         capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid protein comprising a         SpyTag, and/or     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused to a SpyCatcher,         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In a further embodiment the host cell, expresses

-   -   i. a first polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as         75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as         96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such         as 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 62 [Spy-AP205]; SEQ ID NO: 64         [AP205-Spy], SEQ ID NO: 66 [Spy-Phage fr], SEQ ID NO: 68         [Ktag-AP205], SEQ ID NO: 69 [AP205-Ktag], SEQ ID NO: 70         [Ktag-Phage fr], SEQ ID NO: 71 [Spy-AP205-Spy], SEQ ID NO: 76,         SEQ ID NO: 78,     -   ii. a second polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as         75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as         96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such         as 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 82, SEQ ID NO: 79, SEQ ID NO: 80         and SEQ ID NO: 81, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20,         SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ         ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 28,         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In another embodiment the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; an Phage fr capsid protein comprising a         SpyTag such as a polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%,         such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%,         such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as         99.5%, such as 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 66, and/or     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused SpyCatcher such as a         polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as         80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such         as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         identical to SEQ ID NO:18,         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In another embodiment the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; an AP205 capsid protein comprising two         SpyTags such as a polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%,         such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%,         such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as         99.5%, such as 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 71, and/or     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused SpyCatcher such as a         polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as         80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such         as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         identical to SEQ ID NO:18,         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In another embodiment the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; an AP205 capsid protein comprising a         SpyTag such as a polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%,         such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%,         such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as         99.5%, such as 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 64, and/or     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused SpyCatcher such as a         polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as         80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such         as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         identical to SEQ ID NO:18,         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In a further embodiment the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; an AP205 capsid protein comprising a         SpyTag such as a polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%,         such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%,         such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as         99.5%, such as 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 62, and/or     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused SpyCatcher such as a         polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as         80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such         as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         identical to SEQ ID NO:18,         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In another embodiment the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; an AP205 capsid protein comprising a         KTag such as a polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such         as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such         as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%,         such as 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 68, and/or     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused SpyTag such as a         polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as         80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such         as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         identical to SEQ ID NO:79, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 81, and/or         SEQ ID NO: 82         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In another embodiment the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; an AP205 capsid protein comprising a         KTag such as a polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such         as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such         as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%,         such as 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 69, and/or     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused SpyTag such as a         polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as         80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such         as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         identical to SEQ ID NO:79, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 81, and/or         SEQ ID NO: 82         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

In another embodiment the host cell expresses:

-   -   i. a first polypeptide; an Phage fr capsid protein containing a         KTag such as a polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such         as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such         as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%,         such as 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 70, and/or     -   ii. a second polypeptide; an antigen fused SpyTag such as a         polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as         80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such         as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100%         identical to SEQ ID NO:79, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 81, and/or         SEQ ID NO: 82         wherein the cell is selected from the group comprising bacteria,         yeast, fungi, plant, mammalian and/or insect cells.

The inventors of the present invention have demonstrated formation of AP205 VLP's using E. coli cells, such as BL21 cells, incubated at 16° C. for 18 hours. Other conditions and expression hosts may yield VLP's.

In a particular embodiment Trichoplusia ni cells are used as host cell for expression of any of the disclosed polynucleotides and/or polypeptides. In another embodiment Trichoplusia ni cells are used to express a polypeptide having a sequence at least 70%, such as 75%, such as 80%, such as 85%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 96%, such as, 97%, such as 98%, such as 99%, such as 99.5%, such as 100% identical any of the polypeptides disclosed herein.

Composition Comprising the Vaccine

The vaccine of the present invention is to be used in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease. Thus, one aspect of the present invention relates to a composition comprising the vaccine of the present invention. Such compositions may further comprise for example an adjuvant, a buffer, and/or salts or a combination hereof.

An adjuvant is a pharmacological and/or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents. Adjuvants may be added to a vaccine to modify the immune response by boosting it such as to give a higher amount of antibodies and/or a longer lasting protection, thus minimizing the amount of injected foreign material. Adjuvants may also be used to enhance the efficacy of a vaccine by helping to subvert the immune response to particular cell types of the immune system, for example by activating the T cells instead of antibody-secreting B cells dependent on the type of the vaccine.

Thus in an embodiment the composition comprises at least one adjuvant. In an embodiment the adjuvant is aluminium based. Aluminum adjuvants may be aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate and/or a combination hereof. Other adjuvants may be included as well.

In another embodiment the composition described above comprises at least one buffer. In an embodiment the buffer is PBS and/or histidine based. In another embodiment the buffer has a pH between pH 6-pH 7.5. In an embodiment the buffer, is isotonic such as has 0.6%-1.8% NaCl.

An emulsifier (also known as an “emulgent”) is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability. One class of emulsifiers is known as “surface active agents”, or surfactants. Polysorbates are a class of emulsifiers used in some pharmaceuticals and food preparation. Common brand names for polysorbates include Alkest, Canarcel, and Tween. Some examples of polysorbates are Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 40, Polysorbate 60, Polysorbate 80. In an embodiment the composition of the present invention comprises an emulsifier such as one of the above described polysorbates. In a particular embodiment the composition comprises 0.001-0.02% polysorbate 80. Other polysorbates or emulsifiers may be used in the present invention as well.

A Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising the Vaccine

The vaccine of the present invention is intended to be used in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease. Accordingly, the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical formulation, which comprises the vaccine of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. The pharmaceutical formulations may be prepared by conventional techniques, e.g. as described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 2005, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more excipients which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, wetting agents, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated for parenteral administration and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers, optionally with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, for example solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol. Examples of oily or non-aqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, and injectable organic esters, and may contain agents such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying or suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Preferably, the formulation will comprise about 0.5% to 75% by weight of the active ingredient(s) with the remainder consisting of suitable pharmaceutical excipients as described herein.

The vaccine of the invention may be administered concurrently, simultaneously, or together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, especially and preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition thereof, whether by oral, rectal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous) route, in an effective amount.

Thus, one aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a vaccine. Such pharmaceutical composition may comprise an adjuvant, a buffer, and/or salts or a combination hereof.

In an embodiment the pharmaceutical composition, further comprises a composition comprising a vaccine as described by the present invention.

A Method of Manufacture a Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising a Vaccine

The present invention further relates to a method of manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a vaccine. In one aspect the VLP based vaccine of the present invention, may at least be manufactured by the following steps:

-   -   i. obtaining a first polypeptide comprising: a virus capsid         protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid         protein comprising a SpyTag, and/or     -   ii. obtaining a second polypeptide: an antigen fused to         SpyCatcher, and     -   iii. subjecting the first polypeptide to conditions which enable         formation of virus-like particles, and/or     -   iv. obtaining a vaccine by linkage of the second polypeptide and         said virus-like particles via the interaction between the         SpyCatcher and the SpyTag of said virus-like particles, and/or     -   v. generating a composition comprising said vaccine.         thereby obtaining a pharmaceutical composition.

In one aspect the VLP based vaccine of the present invention, may at least be manufactured by the following steps:

-   -   i. obtaining a first polypeptide comprising: a virus capsid         protein, such as AP205 capsid protein and/or phage fr capsid         protein comprising a SpyCatcher, and/or     -   ii. obtaining a second polypeptide: an antigen fused to SpyTag,         and     -   iii. subjecting the first polypeptide to conditions which enable         formation of virus-like particles, and/or     -   iv. obtaining a vaccine by linkage of the second polypeptide and         said virus-like particles via the interaction between the         SpyCatcher and the SpyTag of said virus-like particles, and/or     -   v. generating a composition comprising said vaccine.         thereby obtaining a pharmaceutical composition.

In the manufacture of the pharmaceutical composition other steps may be included for example a) isolation/purification of the VLP to yield a high purity/quality product. This will be accomplished using different techniques for protein purification. For this purpose several separation steps will be carried out using the differences in for instance protein size, physico-chemical properties, binding affinity or biological activity b) formulation by adding stabilizers to prolong the storage life or preservatives to allow multi-dose vials to be used safely as needed c) all components that constitute the final vaccine are combined and mixed uniformly e.g. in a single vial or syringe d) the vaccine is put in recipient vessel (e.g. a vial or a syringe) and sealed with sterile stoppers.

All the processes described above will have to comply with the standards defined for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) that will involve several quality controls and an adequate infrastructure and separation of activities to avoid cross-contamination. Finally, the vaccine may be labeled and distributed worldwide.

Method of Administrating a Vaccine Routes of Administration

Systemic Treatment.

The main routes of administration are oral and parenteral in order to introduce the agent into the blood stream to ultimately target the sites of desired action. Appropriate dosage forms for such administration may be prepared by conventional techniques.

Oral Administration.

Oral administration is normally for enteral drug delivery, wherein the agent is delivered through the enteral mucosa.

Parenteral Administration.

Parenteral administration is any administration route not being the oral/enteral route whereby the medicament avoids first-pass degradation in the liver.

Accordingly, parenteral administration includes any injections and infusions, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion, such as intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, subcutaneous administration. Furthermore, parenteral administration includes inhalations and topical administration.

Accordingly, the agent may be administered topically to cross any mucosal membrane of an animal to which the biologically active substance is to be given, e.g. in the nose, vagina, eye, mouth, genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or rectum, preferably the mucosa of the nose, or mouth, and accordingly, parenteral administration may also include buccal, sublingual, nasal, rectal, vaginal and intraperitoneal administration as well as pulmonal and bronchial administration by inhalation or installation. Also, the agent may be administered topically to cross the skin.

The subcutaneous and intramuscular forms of parenteral administration are generally preferred.

Local Treatment.

The agent according to the invention may be used as a local treatment, ie. be introduced directly to the site(s) of action as will be described below.

Thus one agent may be applied to the skin or mucosa directly, or the agent may be injected into the diseased tissue or to an end artery leading directly to the diseased tissue.

Thus another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of administering a vaccine to treat and/or prevent a clinical condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising the steps of

-   -   i. obtaining a composition comprising at least one vaccine         according to the present invention, and/or     -   ii. administering said composition to a subject at least once         for prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease.

In a preferred embodiment relates to a method of administering a vaccine to treat and/or prevent cancer, as disclosed herein, in a subject in need thereof, comprising the steps of

-   -   i. obtaining a composition comprising at least one vaccine as         disclosed herein, and/or     -   ii. administering said composition to a subject intramuscular         and/or intravenous at least once for prophylaxis and/or         treatment of a cancer.

In a preferred embodiment relates to a method of administering a vaccine to treat and/or prevent a cardiovascular disease, as disclosed herein, in a subject in need thereof, comprising the steps of

-   -   i. obtaining a composition comprising at least one vaccine as         disclosed herein, and/or     -   ii. administering said composition to a subject intramuscular         and/or intravenous at least once for prophylaxis and/or         treatment of a a cardiovascular disease.

In another embodiment the vaccine of the present invention is administered by any type of injections or infusions selected from the group of bolus injection, continuous infusion, intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, subcutaneous administration, inhalation or topical administration or a combination hereof. In a particular embodiment the vaccine is administered by intramuscular administration and/or intravenous administration.

In medicine, a booster dose is an extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier dose. After initial immunization, a booster injection or booster dose is a re-exposure to the immunizing antigen cell. It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels after it has been shown to have decreased or after a specified period. In an embodiment the vaccine of the present invention is administered any number of times from one, two, three, four times or more.

In a further embodiment the vaccine is boosted by administration in a form and/or body part different from the previous administration. In another embodiment the vaccine is administered to the area most likely to be the receptacle of a given disease or infection which the vaccine is intended to prevent/reduce the risk of.

In another embodiment the recipient of the vaccine (the subject) of the present invention is an animal, for example a mammal, such as a Homo sapiens, cow, pig, horse, sheep, goat, llama, mouse, rat, monkey, and/or chicken. In a particular embodiment the subject is a Homo sapiens.

Administration of more than one vaccine is known in the art and refers to this concept as co-vaccination or to give a vaccine cocktail. Thus, in an embodiment of the vaccine, is co-administered with any other vaccine. In another embodiment the vaccine forms a part of a vaccine cocktail.

A Kit of Parts

In another aspect of the present invention relates to a kit of parts comprising

-   -   i. a composition comprising a vaccine of the present invention,         and/or     -   ii. a medical instrument or other means for administering the         vaccine, and/or     -   iii. instructions on how to use the kit of parts.

In an embodiment the kit of parts comprises a second active ingredient or vaccine component for therapeutic use in the treatment or prevention of one or more of the diseased disclosed in the present invention.

In an embodiment the vaccine of the invention is administered separate, sequential, or simultaneously with at least one other pharmaceutical active ingredient and/or vaccine component.

Dosages and Dosing Regimes

The dosage requirements will vary with the particular drug composition employed, the route of administration and the particular subject being treated. It will also be recognized by one of skill in the art that the optimal quantity and spacing of individual dosages of a compound will be determined by the nature and extent of the condition being treated, the form, route and site of administration, and the particular patient being treated, and that such optimums can be determined by conventional techniques. It will also be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the optimal course of treatment, i.e., the number of doses of a compound given per day for a defined number of days, can be ascertained using conventional course of treatment determination tests.

The term “unit dosage form” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human and animal subjects, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of a compound, alone or in combination with other agents, calculated in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, or vehicle.

The specifications for the unit dosage forms of the present invention depend on the particular compound or compounds employed and the effect to be achieved, as well as the pharmacodynamics associated with each compound in the host. The dose administered should be an “effective amount” or an amount necessary to achieve an “effective level” in the individual patient.

When the “effective level” is used as the preferred endpoint for dosing, the actual dose and schedule can vary, depending on inter-individual differences in pharmacokinetics, drug distribution, age, gender, size, health and metabolism. The “effective level” can be defined, for example, as the blood or tissue level desired in the patient that corresponds to a concentration of one or more compounds according to the invention.

Examples

Modification of VLPs without disrupting the delicate and sensitive self-assembly process is challenging. The inventors show several examples of successful introduction of SpyTag into various VLP loops without disrupting the self-assembly process. The examples below are non-limiting to the scope of the invention.

Gene Design of SpyTag-AP205

The synthetic Spytag-AP205 sequence was constructed by fusion of the SpyTag sequence (AHIVMVDAYKPTK) SEQ ID NO: 36 at either the N- and/or C-terminus of the AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58) using a spacer sequence (GSGTAGGGSGS; for N-terminal fusion or GGSG; for C-terminal fusion of SpyTag) in between the AP205 and SpyTag sequences. The gene sequence was is further modified to contain an NcoI restriction site at the N-terminal and a C-terminal stop-codon followed by a NotI restriction site. The gene sequence may be codon-optimized for expression in Escherichia coli cells or other expression systems and synthesized by Geneart, Life Technologies. Other AP205/Phage fr SpyTag constructs of the present invention is made using a similar approach.

Gene Design of SpyCatcher-AP205

The synthetic Spycatcher-AP205 sequence was constructed by fusion of the SpyCatcher sequence SEQ ID NO: 37 at the N- of the AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58) using a spacer sequence (GGSGS) in between the AP205 and the SpyCatcher sequences. The gene sequence is further modified to contain an NcoI restriction site at the N-terminal. The gene sequence may be codon-optimized for expression in Escherichia coli cells or other expression systems and synthesized by Geneart, Life Technologies.

Gene Design of SpyCatcher-Phage Fr

The synthetic Spycatcher-Phage fr sequence was constructed by fusion of the SpyCatcher sequence SEQ ID NO: 37 at the N-terminus of the Phage fr (SEQ ID NO: 59) using a spacer sequence (GGSGS) in between the Phage fr and the SpyCatcher sequences. The gene sequence is further modified to contain an NcoI restriction site at the N-terminal and a C-terminal stop-codon followed by a NotI restriction site. The gene sequence may be codon-optimized for expression in Escherichia coli cells or other expression systems and synthesized by Geneart, Life Technologies.

Expression and Purification of AP205 and/or Phage Fr VLPs

Plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL21 or JM109. A seed culture was prepared by inoculating a single colony into 2×YT medium containing 100 mg/l Ampicillin and the culture was grown overnight at 28° C. with shaking. For expression, the overnight culture was diluted in 2×YT medium containing 100 mg/l Ampicillin, and grown to and OD600 0.5-0.8 at 37° C. with shaking. The culture was then induced with IPTG (final concentration of 0.4 mM) and grown 4 hours 28° C. or 20 hours at 18-20° C. with vigorous aeration. Cells were resuspended in 20 mM Sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.2, 20 mM NaCl containing protease inhibitors and lysed by sonication at 80% Power with 5 pulsations for 2×5 min on ice (25 W effective). The lysates was clarified using centrifugation 40000G 30 min. and purified using a Hitrap SP HP column using increasing concentration of NaCl at pH 7.2. Some VLPs were additionally purified by ultracentrifugation over an iodixanol (Optiprep) density gradient. Briefly, the lysate (containing VLPs) is first clarified by centrifugation at 5000×g and the supernatant is then layered onto an Optiprep density gradient (27/33/39%). VLPs are purified by density gradient ultracentrifugation in a SW60i rotor at 47,800 rpm for 3.5 hours (16° C.). Optiprep is subsequently removed by dialysis O/N against a PBS buffer pH 7.2, 0.02% PS80 using dialysis tubing with MWCO 300,000 kDa. Concentrations of the purified proteins are determined by the BCA assay.

Gene Design and Recombinant Expression of SpyTag-Binding Vaccine Antigens

Heterologous vaccine antigens were genetically fused with a GGS linker at either their C- or N-terminus to a previously described (WO 2011098772 A1) engineered SpyCatcher (SEQ ID NO: 37 (or 60 or 61)), thereby introducing SpyTag binding capability to the expressed antigen fusion proteins. SpyCatcher-antigen fusion genes expressed in E. coli are designed with a 6×Histidine tag and NcoI/BamHI restriction sites for subcloning into pET-15b vector. SpyCatcher-antigen fusion genes are expressed in either S2 cells, Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells or in Baculovirus infected insect cells; designed with flanking EcoRI/BamHI (N-terminal) and NotI (C-terminal) sites and a 6×Histidine tag and subcloned into the pHP34s, pcDNA™4/HisMax or pAcGP67A (BD Biosciences) vector, respectively.

Engineered coat proteins were all expressed in E. coli and were purified by ultracentrifugation through an Optiprep™ step gradient (23%/29%/35%). Expression yield was determined by BCA assay. VLP assembly was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and/or dynamic light-scattering analysis. For the estimation of the antigen coupling capacity individual VLP coat proteins were first incubated at 4° C. for 24 hours with corresponding SpyTag- or SpyCatcher-fused antigen (mixed at a 1:1 molar ratio) and each sample was subsequently analyzed by SDS-PAGE/densiometric analysis to assess the amount of antigen which was bound via the SpyTag—SpyCatcher interaction to the VLP coat protein. Results are summarized in table 4:

TABLE 4 Comparison of different engineered AP205 and Phage fr coat proteins with regard to recombinant expression yield, ability to assemble into a virus-like particle (VLP) and their capacity for antigen display SEQ ID Recombinant NO. expression VLP Antigen coupling Protein yield assembly capacity VLP name (DNA) No/low/high Yes/no −, +, ++, +++ SpyTag-AP205 62 (63) High Yes ++ AP205-SpyTag 64 (65) High Yes + SpyTag-Ap205- 71 (72) High Yes +++ SpyTag AP205-ggsg- 74 (73) Low No N/A SpyCatcher SpyCatcher- 76 (75) High Yes ++ ggsgs-AP205 Spytag-Phage FR 66 (67) Low Yes + SpyCatcher 78 (77) Low No − Phage FR

The influence of the position of the SpyTag on the AP205 capsid protein is shown in FIG. 12. As can be seen, fusion in the N-terminal end of AP205 results in a slightly better binding capacity compared to fusion in the C-terminal end.

Quality Assessment of SpyTag-VLPs and SpyCatcher-VLPs by Electron Microscopy

To verify the integrity of chimeric SpyTag-VLPs and SpyCatcher-VLPs, an aliquot of diluted particles was placed on 200-mesh mica carbon-coated grids, negatively stained with 2% phosphotungstic acid (pH=7.0) and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a CM 100 BioTWIN (FIG. 3 and FIG. 6). As can be seen when comparing FIGS. 3 and 6 to FIG. 11, the AP205 VLPs obtained here have the same general structure as unmodified AP205 VLPs.

Quality Assessment of SpyTag-VLPs and SpyCatcher-VLPs by Dynamic Light Scattering

To verify particle size and polydispersity of chimeric SpyTag-VLPs and SpyCatcher-VLPs, an aliquot of particles was first clarified by centrifugation at 16000G for 10 min. The supernatant was transferred to a disposable MicroCuvette and examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a DynaPro NanoStar (FIG. 9 and FIG. 10).

Verification of the SpyCatcher-Antigen Coupling onto Spytagged VLPs:

The overall amounts of antigen coupled onto the VLPs was estimated by density gradient ultracentrifugation of the VLP:spytag—Antigen:SpyCatcher mixture followed by SDS-PAGE of the VLP fraction (FIG. 4). The stoichiometry between the unconjugated SpyTag-AP205 capsid protein and the conjugated SpyCatcher-Antigen-AP205 capsid protein band shows the coupling efficacy. The stoichiometry can be modified by adding varying amounts of SpyCatcher fused antigen.

The VLPs were also examined by transmission electron microscopy to assess their integrity after coupling of different SpyCatcher-antigens (FIG. 5). Specifically, an aliquot of diluted particles (post SpyCatcher-coupling) was placed on 200-mesh mica carbon-coated grids, negatively stained with 2% phosphotungstic acid (pH=7.0) and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a CM 100 BioTWIN. The size and polydispersity of the VLPs after coupling of different SpyCatcher-antigens was examined (FIG. 9). Specifically, an aliquot was clarified by ultracentrifugation and transferred to a cuvette and examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a DynaPro NanoStar.

FIG. 13 shows the binding capacity of AP205 VLPs to bind antigen when AP205 is fused to: no SpyTag, one SpyTag at the N-terminus, or two SpyTags at both the N- and C-terminus, respectively. The SDS-PAGE shows that SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag can bind either one or two SpyCatcher-Antigens per coat protein, SpyTag-AP205 can bind one SpyCatcher-Antigen per coat protein and AP205 cannot bind any SpyCatcher-Antigens. Comparing the intensities of individual protein bands shows that SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SAS) (SEQ ID NO: 71(72)) can bind more antigen compared to SpyTag-AP205 (SA) (SEQ ID NO: 62).

FIG. 14 shows the binding capacity of SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag VLPs to SpyCatcher-Pfs25. The SDS-PAGE shows that SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag can bind either one or two Pfs25 antigens per coat protein, whereas the AP205 VLPs do not bind to the Pfs25 antigen.

Verification of the SpyTag-Antigen Coupling onto SpyCatcher-VLPs:

The overall amounts of antigen coupled onto the VLPs was estimated by density gradient ultracentrifugation of the VLP:SpyCatcher—Antigen:SpyTag mixture followed by SDS-PAGE of the VLP fraction (FIG. 7). The stoichiometry between the unconjugated SpyCatcher-AP205 capsid protein and the conjugated SpyCatcher-AP205—SpyTag-antigen band shows the coupling efficacy. The stoichiometry can be modified by adding varying amounts of SpyTag fused antigen.

The VLPs were also examined by transmission electron microscopy to assess their integrity after coupling of different SpyTag-antigens (FIG. 8). Specifically, an aliquot of diluted particles (post SpyTag-antigen coupling) was placed on 200-mesh mica carbon-coated grids, negatively stained with 2% phosphotungstic acid (pH=7.0) and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a CM 100 BioTWIN. The size and polydispersity of the VLPs after coupling of different SpyTag-antigens was examined (FIG. 10). Specifically, an aliquot was clarified by ultracentrifugation and transferred to a cuvette and examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a DynaPro NanoStar.

Versatility of the VLP-Based Antigen Presentation Platform

The inventors have successfully engineered VLPs able to display a variety of antigens, as summarized in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Summary Confirmed Confirmed binding to Confirmed binding to LongSpy- Confirmed Continued SEQ ID NO: binding to SpyTag-AP205- Tag-AP205- binding to binding to protein SpyTag-AP205 SpyTag LongSpy-Tag Spy-Catcher-AP205 SpyTag-fr (DNA) Antigen (SEQ ID NO: 62) (SEQ ID NO: 71) (SEQ ID NO: 92) (SEQ ID NO: 74) (SEQ ID NO: 66) 18 SpyCatcher- YES YES Her2- ECD|(23-686 19 SpyCatcher-IL- YES YES YES 5(C63T/C105T) 20 (29) PCSK9|31- YES YES 692|: Spy- Catcher: HIS 21 (30) SpyCatcher- YES ID1ID2a- HIS 24 (33) GMZ2: SpyC YES YES YES 27 SpyCatcher- YES YES Pfs-HIS 28 HIS- YES YES PfCSP(aa92- 397)- SpyCatcher 84 (85) AG8A YES YES (SpyCatcher) 86 (87) SpyC: YES YES Survivin (MP1804) 52 (53) Spycatcher- YES YES ggs- CIDR1a-HIS 1 (2) L2(aa11-88 YES YES x5)-ggs- spycatcher 3 (4) SpyCatcher- YES YES R0.Pf6C 5 (6) SpyCatcher YES YES pf6C 7 (8) SpyTag- YES DBLl-ID2a  9 (10) PDL1- YES SpyTag 11 (12) CTLA-4- YES SpyTag 14 (15) SpyTag-L- YES DER P2 16 (17) mini-HA- YES Stem-HIS- SpyT

Immunological Testing of the VLP-Based Antigen Presentation Platform:

To assess the immunological effect of the described VLP antigen-presentation platform, we immunized groups of mice (n=5) with either VLP-coupled or non-coupled soluble antigen (control group) formulated with or without extrinsic adjuvant. To take into account the possibility that AP205 VLPs themselves may have an adjuvant effect we further included a similar amount of unmodified AP205 VLPs (i.e. with no SpyTag or SpyCatcher fused) in the control group vaccine formulations. Each mouse was administered three intra muscular immunizations (50 microliter volume injected into each Tibialis anterior muscle) on day 1, 21 and 42, and sera were collected two weeks or three months after each immunization for subsequent analysis.

To study the kinetics of antibody responses, total antigen-specific immunoglobulins in mouse sera collected after 1^(st), 2^(nd) and 3^(rd) immunization, respectively, was measured in an ELISA assay using the naked vaccine antigen (i.e. with no spyTag or SpyCatcher) as the solid phase capturing antigen (plates were coated with 1 ug/ml antigen). The antibody titer of sera from mice immunized with the VLP-coupled-antigen was subsequently compared against that of the control group to evaluate the effect of the VLP antigen-display in terms of both antibody peak titers and kinetics i.e. how quickly the antibody response develops and to what magnitude, during the vaccination regime. Specifically, a three-fold dilution of the serum starting from 1:100 down to 1:5.904.900 was performed to compare antibody responses between the two groups of animals immunized with either antigen conjugated VLPs or non-coupled antigen.

To compare the longevity of the induced humoral responses between VLP vaccinated mice and mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen or SpyTag antigen (control group), sera are collected every third week after the last given immunization for a full year (or until a significant difference is observed between test and control groups) and are tested in the above described ELISA assay.

FIG. 15 shows the Ig response against a SpyTag coupled antigen (SEQ ID NO: 7) two weeks after prime boost-boost immunization regimen (vaccines formulated without aluminum hydroxide gel). Soluble SpyTag-antigen and AP205 are unable to bind the antigen. Immunization of mice with VLP-displayed SpyTag-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 7) induces a higher Ig response compared to mice immunized with soluble SpyTag-Ag (SEQ ID NO: 7) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58).

FIG. 16 shows the Ig response against a SpyCatcher coupled antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) three months after a prime-boost-boost immunization regimen. Immunization of mice with VLP-displayed SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) induces a higher Ig response compared to mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58).

FIGS. 15 and 16 show that the VLP vaccines disclosed herein can induce increased antibody titres.

The avidity of antibodies induced in mice following a prime-boost-boost immunization regimen was analysed (FIGS. 17 and 18). Mouse anti-sera were obtained four months after last immunization. Immunization of mice with VLP-displayed antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) gives rise to antibodies with a significantly higher avidity compared to antibodies from mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58) (FIG. 17). Both vaccines were formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel. This difference was statistically tested using non-parametric Two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test, which resulted in a probability score of P>|z|=0.00002.

FIG. 18 shows the avidity of antibodies obtained from a pool of sera from mice immunized with SpyCatcher-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 76) coupled to SpyTag-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 7). The gray bar represents a pool of sera from mice immunized with soluble SpyTag-Ag (SEQ ID NO: 7) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated without aluminum hydroxide gel. Immunization of mice with SpyCatcher-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 76) coupled to SpyTag-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 7) resulted in induction of antibodies with higher avidity compared to antibodies from mice immunized with soluble SpyTag-Ag (SEQ ID NO: 7) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58).

Taken together, the results of FIGS. 17 and 18 show that the present VLP vaccines can be used to induce antibodies with increased avidity compared to corresponding soluble protein vaccines.

We also analysed how fast antibodies were induced upon vaccination with VLP-displayed antigens (FIG. 19). The Ig response against an antigen (SEQ ID NO: 52) following a single immunization was analysed (FIG. 18) in individual mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 62) coupled to SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 52) or with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 52) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel. A single immunization of mice with SpyTag-AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 62) coupled to spyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 52) induced a faster Ig response compared to mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 52) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58).

The same experiment was performed in mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) or with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the antigen (FIG. 20). Both vaccines were formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel. A single immunization of mice with SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) induced a faster Ig response compared to mice immunized with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58).

The data presented in FIGS. 19 and 20 show that a single immunization with VLP-presented antigens results in a faster induction of antibodies.

Human memory B cells have been proposed to play a role in maintaining serum antibody levels over time and thus to evaluate the potential of the VLP-based antigen presentation platform to induce long-term immunological memory we also compare the ability of the VLP-based vaccine to generate memory B-cells against that of the soluble antigen vaccine (control). The memory B cell ELISPOT is the accepted standard for measuring the relative frequency of memory B cells and relies on the detection of memory B cells that have differentiated into plasma cells after stimulation with three polyclonal stimuli (CpG, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan (SAC, Sigma), and Pokeweed Mitogen (PWM, Sigma)). Following the stimulation, the number of antigen-specific memory B cells and total memory B cells are enumerated and the ratio between the number of antigen-specific spots and the total number of memory B cell spots is estimated and reported as a percentage.

Antigen-Specific Qualitative Testing of Induced Immune Responses: Testing of the VLP:SpyTag and SpyCatcher:VLP Platform, Respectively, to Induce VAR2CSA Specific Antibodies

To qualitatively assess the induced antibody responses, we performed an optimized parasite binding-inhibition assay that test the capacity of the collected sera to inhibit binding between the human receptor, Chondroitin Sulfate A (CSA), and parasitized erythrocytes expressing the VAR2CSA ligand. This was done by coating 96 well plates with the purified CSA receptor and adding radio-labeled malaria parasites expressing VAR2CSA in the presence or absence of VAR2CSA specific antibodies in sera from animals immunizing animals with VAR2CSA (SpyCatcher-ID1ID2a/SpyTag-ID1ID2a) conjugated VLPs or soluble VAR2CSA antigen alone (SpyCatcher-ID1D2a/SpyTag-ID1ID2a). Another qualitative measure of the functional IgG response is to estimate the total amount of opsonizing IgG in a serum sample. This is done by incubating VAR2CSA expressing malaria parasites with serum in a 5 fold dilution series starting from 1:100 followed by washing of the infected erythrocytes and detection of bound VAR2CSA specific IgG using an Alexa488 conjugated secondary antibody specific to mice/rat or rabbit IgG followed by flow cytometry analysis.

Specifically, the functional antibody response was assessed by measuring the capacity of mouse anti-sera to inhibit binding between native VAR2CSA expressed on parasitized erythrocytes and CSA in a static binding-assay. P. falciparum (FCR3 genotype)-infected red blood cells, expressing the native VAR2CSA, were first incubated with mouse anti-serum (3 fold dilution series, starting from 1:20) and then allowed to incubate on decorin coated plates for 90 min. Unbound IE were washed away and the remaining IEs were quantified. Normalized parasite binding after incubation with pooled anti-sera from mice (n=5) vaccinated with SpyTag-ID ID2a (SEQ ID NO: 82) conjugated to SpyCatcher-VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 76) or soluble SpyTag-ID1ID2a (SEQ ID NO: 82) mixed with unmodified AP205 VLPs (SEQ ID NO: 58) are shown after first (▴), second (▪) and third (●) immunization (FIG. 25). The assay show that anti-sera from mice immunized with VLP-conjugated SpyTag-ID ID2a (SEQ ID NO: 82) has a greater binding-inhibition capacity compared to anti-sera from mice immunized with soluble SpyTag-ID1ID2a (SEQ ID NO: 82).

Testing of the VLP:SpyTag and SpyCatcher:VLP Platform, Respectively, to Induce Humoral Immunity Against Self-Antigens.

To demonstrate the capacity of the VLP:SpyTag and the SpyCatcher:VLP platform, respectively, to break immune tolerance to self-antigens, associated with both cardiovascular disease (PCSK9), immune-inflammatory disease (IL-5) and cancer (Her2/Survivin), we genetically fuse the self-antigens to a SpyCatcher or SpyTag and couple them onto SpyTag or Spycatcher VLPs, respectively, as previously described. In some cases (IL-5, Survivin, CTLA-4 and PD-L) we at first use the mouse gene homologues for the immunization of mice. Specifically, our working procedure is to firstly couple HER2 (SpyCatcher:Her2-ECD|23-6861), Survivin, IL-5(SpyCatcher:IL-5 (C63T/C105T)) and PCSK9(PCSK9|31-692|:SpyCatcher-HIS) to the SpyTaggedVLPs or, similarly, couple the (SpyTag:Her2-ECD|23-6861), Survivin, IL-5(SpyTag:IL-5 (C63T/C105T) to the SpyCatcher:VLPs. Then we use the antigen coupled VLPs to immunize mice, and measure seroconversion of the animals in group a) mice immunized with conjugated VLPs and b) mice immunized with the non-coupled soluble antigen and unmodified (i.e. with no SpyTag/SpyCatcher) VLPs. The antigen-specific immunoglobulin titer will be estimated in a 3 fold dilution series of the sera. A positive seroconversion is defined as ELISA OD measurements above 2×standard deviation of a mock immunized animal. Serum conversion and induction of specific antibodies to HER2 and Survivin is further confirmed by western blotting using the sera and cell lysates from different cancerous cell lines (e.g. melanoma, prostate, breast and lung cancer).

This experiment was performed with IL-5, CTLA-4 and PD-L1. The Ig response against the self-antigen IL-5 (SEQ ID NO: 19) was analysed five months after a prime-boost-boost immunization regimen. Individual mice were immunized with SpyTag-AP20S-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to the IL-5 SpyCatcher-(self)-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 19) or with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 19) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the SpyCatcher-antigen. Both vaccines were formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel. Immunization of mice with VLP-displayed self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 19) resulted in breakage of immune tolerance and induction of antigen specific antibodies, whereas immunization with the (non-displayed) soluble self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 19) did not induce antigen specific antibodies (FIG. 21).

The Ig response against the self-antigen CTLA-4 (SEQ ID NO: 11) two weeks after a prime-boost immunization regimen was analysed in individual mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to the CTLA-4 self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 11) or with soluble SpyCatcher-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 11) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the SpyCatcher-antigen. Both vaccines were formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel. Immunization of mice with VLP-displayed self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 11) resulted in breakage of immune tolerance and induction of antigen specific antibodies, whereas immunization with the (non-displayed) soluble self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 11) does not induce antigen specific antibodies (FIG. 22).

The Ig response against the self-antigen PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 9) two weeks after a prime-boost immunization regimen in individual mice immunized with SpyTag-AP205-SpyTag (SEQ ID NO: 71) coupled to the PD-L1 self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 9) or with soluble self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 9) and AP205 (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind the SpyCatcher-antigen. Both vaccines were formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel. Immunization of mice with VLP-displayed self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 9) resulted in breakage of immune tolerance and induction of antigen specific antibodies, whereas immunization with the (non-displayed) soluble self-antigen (SEQ ID NO: 9) does not induce antigen specific antibodies (FIG. 23).

Testing of the Functionality of the VLP-Presented Antigen Vaccine

Immunization with a Pfs25 VLP vaccine resulted in induction of functional antibodies which were able to block the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in vitro. Mice were immunized two times with 2.5 ug of either A) spycatcher-Pfs25 antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) displayed on the SpyTag-AP205-SpyT (SEQ ID NO: 71) VLP or B) soluble spycatcher-Pfs25 antigen (SEQ ID NO: 27) mixed with the AP205 VLP (SEQ ID NO: 58), which is unable to bind/display the antigen. Both vaccines were formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel. Transmission-blocking efficacy of antibodies was evaluated by standard mosquito membrane feeding assay (SMFA) using purified IgG from immune sera. Results show that antibodies induced in mice immunized with VLP-displayed Pfs25 (VLP vaccine) had ˜100% percent transmission-blocking activity when tested in the SMFA in vitro assay (FIG. 24).

Testing of the VLP:SpyTag and the SpyCatcher:VLP Platform to Induce Cancer Inhibitory Antibodies.

Standard animal models are established to study the effect of immunizing animals with tumor antigens on the growth of an established subcutaneous tumor. 100.000 tumor cells expressing HER2 and/or Survivin are injected into the left flank. This is done in both vaccinated animals and mock immunized animals, to study the prophylactic effect of the vaccine. Tumor growth is monitored by measuring the size of the growing tumor as well as by scanning of the animal when using luciferase transfected tumor cell lines. Alternatively, the therapeutic effect of the vaccine is determined by immunizing animals with established tumors and monitoring tumor regression/progression by size measurements and/or by fluorescent scannings.

Testing of the VLP:SpyTag and the SpyCatcher:VLP Platform to Induce Anti-PCSK9 Antibodies Capable of Lowering Plasma/Serum Cholesterol Levels.

The goal of making a VLP-based vaccine based on the PCSK9 antigen is to induce a humoral response capable of lowering blood cholesterol. Therefore, to test the VLP:SpyTag platform or the SpyCatcher:VLP platform, we measure cholesterol levels in plasma and serum samples obtained from VLP-PCSK9 immunized mice and compare against the levels measured in mice immunized with the non-coupled PCSK9 antigen, as previously described in the present invention. Cholesterol levels in plasma and serum samples are measured using a WAKO Cholesterol E Assay kit (Cat #439-17501) following the manufacturers' instructions. Dilutions of cholesterol standard or test plasma/serum samples (4 μI volume) are added to wells of a 96-well plate and 196d of prepared cholesterol reagent added. The plate is incubated for 5 minutes at 37° C. and the absorbance of the developed color read at 600 nm within 30 minutes.

Sequences

TABLE 6 Overview of the sequences disclosed in the present invention SEQ ID NO: protein (DNA) Antigens: 18 A1 >SpyCatcher-Her2-ECD|23-686 (Homo Sapiens) 19 A2 >SpyCatcher-IL-5(C63T/C105T) (Mus musculus) 20 A3 >PCSK9|31-692|:SpyCatcher:HIS (29) (Homo Sapiens) 21 A4 >SpyCatcher-ID1ID2a-HIS (30) (Plasmodium falciparum) 22 A5 >SpyCatcher-RO-HIS (Plasmodium (31) falciparum) 23 A6 >HIS-RO-SpyCatcher (Plasmodium (32) falciparum) 24 A7 >HIS-GMZ2ggsSpyCatcher (33) (Plasmodium falciparum) 25 A8 >HIS-GMZ2T:ggsSpyCatcher (34) (Plasmodium falciparum) 26 A9 >SpyCatcher-PfRH5-HIS (35) (Plasmodium falciparum) 27 A10 >SpyCatcher-Pfs25-HIS (Plasmodium falciparum) 28 A11 >HIS-PfCSP(aa92-397)-SpyCatcher (Plasmodium falciparum) 40 A12 >Survivin: SpyCatcher (Homo Sapiens) 41 A13 >SpyCatcher:Survivin (Homo Sapiens) 42 A14 >Survivin(F101A/L102A): SpyCatcher (Homo Sapiens) 43 A15 >SpyCatcher:Survivin(F101A/L102A) (Homo Sapiens) 44 (48) A16 >SpyCatcher:Survivin(F101A/L102A) (Mus Musculus) 45 (49) A17 >Survivin (F101A/L102A): SpyCatcher (Mus Musculus) 46 (50) A18 >SpyCatcher:Survivin (Mus Musculus) 47 (51) A19 >Survivin: SpyCatcher (Mus Musculus) 52 (53) A20 >SpyCatcher:CIDR1a-HIS 84 (85) A21 SpyCatcher-Ag85A (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) 86 (87) A22 SpyCatcher-ggs-survivin (Homo Sapiens) 1 (2) L2(aa11-88 x5)-ggs-spycatcher (Human papillomavirus) 3 (4) SpyCatcher-R0.Pf6C (Plasmodium falciparum) 5 (6) SpyCatcher Pf6C (Plasmodium falciparum) 7 (8) SpyTag-DBL1-ID2a (Plasmodium falciparum)  9 (10) PDL1-SpyTag (Mus Musculus) 11 (12) CTLA-4-SpyTag (Mus Musculus) 14 (15) SpyTag-L-DER P2 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) 13 AMA1-SpyTag 88 (89) Mini-HA-stem-Spytag 90 Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) G-protein-SpyTag 91 SpyTag-IHNV G-protein Misc. 36 (39) SpyTag amino acid sequence 37 (54) SpyCatcher 38 The β-strand of CnaB2 (KTag) 55 SpyLigase 56 isopeptide Spy0128 57 Split-Spy0128 58 AP205 59 PhageFr 60 SpyCatcherΔN 61 SpyCatcherΔNC 62 (63) Spy-AP205 64 (65) AP205-spy 66 (67) Spy-Phage fr 68 Ktag-AP205 69 AP205-Ktag 70 Ktag-Phage fr 71 (72) Spy-AP205-Spy 74 (73) AP205-ggsg-Spycatcher 76 (75) SpyCatcher-ggsgs-AP205 78 (77) SpyCatcher-ggsgs-Phage fr 79 SpyTag-Her2-ECD|23-686 80 SpyTag-IL-5(C63T/C105T) 81 PCSK9|31-692|:Spytag 82 SpyTag-ID1ID2a-HIS 83 Short flexible linker 92 (93) SpyTag-IHNV G-protein 94 (95) mSA-AP205 DNA

>L2(aa13-88 x5)-ggs-spycatcher SEQ ID NO: 1 MKRASATQLYKTCKQAGTCPPDIIPKVEGKTIADQILQYGSMGVFFGGLGIGTGSGTG GRTGYIPLGTRPPTATDTLAKRASVTDLYKTCKQSGTCPPDVVPKVEGTTLADKILQ WSSLGLFLGGLGIGTGSGTGGRTGYIPLGGRSNTVVDVGPKRASATQLYQTCKLTGTC PPDVIPKVEHNTIADQILKWGSLGVFFGGLGIGTGSGTGGRTGYVPLGTSAKPSITSGP KRAAPKDIYPSCKISNTCTPDIQNKIEHTTIADKILQYGSLGVFLGGLGIGTARGSGGRI GYTPLGEGGGVRVATRPKRDSVTHIYQTCKQAGTCPPDVINKVEQTTVADNILKYGS AGVFFGGLGISTGRGTGGATGYVPLGEGPGVRVGGTPGGSGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQS GDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPG KYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAHI > L2(aa11-88 x5)-ggs-spycatcher DNA SEQ ID NO: 2 ATGAAAGGTTGCAAGCGCAACCCAGCTGTATAAAACCTGTAAACAGGCAGGCACC TGTCCGCCTGATATCATTCCGAAAGTTGAAGGTAAAACCATTGCCGATCAGATTC TGCAGTATGGTAGCATGGGCGTGTTTTTTGGTGGTCTGGGTATTGGCACCGGTAG CGGCACAGGTGGACGTACCGGTTACATTCCGCTGGGCACCCGTCCGCCTACCGCA ACCGATACCCTGGCAAAACGTGCCAGCGTTACCGATCTGTACAAAACATGCAAAC AGAGCGGAACATGTCCTCCGGATGTTGTTCCTAAAGTGGAAGGCACCACCCTGGC AGATAAAATCCTGCAGTGGTCAAGCCTGGGTATTTTCCTGGGTGGCTTAGGCATA GGTACAGGTAGTGGTACAGGCGGTCGCACAGGCTATATCCCGCTGGGTGGTCGTA GCAATACCGTTGTTGATGTTGGTCCGAAACGTGCATCAGCCACACAGCTGTATCA GACCTGCAAACTGACCGGTACGTGCCCACCTGATGTTATCCCGAAAGTGGAACAT AATACAATTGCAGACCAGATTCTGAAATGGGGTTCACTGGGCGTATTCTTCGGAG GCCTGGGCATCGGAACCGGTTCAGGTACGGGTGGCCGTACCGGCTATGTGCCTCT GGGTACAAGCGCAAAACCGAGCATTACCAGCGGTCCTAAACGCGCAGCACCGAA AGATATTTATCCGAGCTGTAAAATTAGCAATACCTGCCCTCCGGATATCCAGAAC AAAATTGAACATACCACCATTGCCGACAAAATCTTACAGTACGGTTCTCTGGGTG TGTTTCTGGGAGGTTTAGGTATCGGTACGGCACGTGGTAGCGGTGGTCGCATTGG TTATACACCGCTGGGTGAAGGTGGTGGTGTTCGTGTTGCAACCCGTCCTAAACGT GATAGCGTTACCCATATTTATCAGACGTGTAAACAAGCAGGTACTTGTCCACCAG ATGTGATTAACAAAGTGGAACAGACAACCGTTGCGGATAACATTCTGAAATATG GTAGTGCCGGTGTGTTTTTTGGCGGACTGGGCATTTCAACCGGTCGTGGTACGGG TGGTGCAACCGGTTACGTGCCTCTGGGCGAAGGTCCGGGTGTGCGTGTGGGTGGT ACACCGGGTGGTAGCGGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGCGTCTGAGCAGCGAA CAGGGTCAGAGCGGTGATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAA TTCAGCAAACGTGATGAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTG CGTGATAGCAGCGGTAAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAA GATTTTTATCTGTACCCTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATG GTTATGAAGTTGCAACCGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTAC CGTGAATGGTAAAGCAACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTtaa >Spycatcher-RO.Pf6C SEQ ID NO: 3 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKESKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSRSTSENRNKRIGGPKLRGNVTSNIKFPSDNKGKIIRGSNDKLNKNSEDVLEQSE KSLVSENVPSGLDIDDIPKESIFIQEDQEGQTHSELNPETSEHSKDLNNNGSKNESSDIIS ENNKSNKVQNHFESLSDLELLENSSQDNLDKDTISTEPFPNQKHKDLQQDLNDEPLEP FPTQIHKDYKEKNLINEEDSEPFPRQKEKKVDNHNEEKNVFHENGSANGNQGSLKLK SRDEHLKDEKIENEPLVHENLSIPNDPIEQILNQPEQETNIQEQLYNEKQNVEEKQNSQI PSLDLKEPTNEDILPNHNPLENIKQSESEINHVQDHALPKENIIDKLDNQKEHIDQSQH NINVLQENNINNHQLEPQEKPNIESFEPKNIDSEMTENVETEEIIDDVPSPKHSNHETFE EETSESEHEEAVSEKNAHETVEHEETVSQESNPEKADNDGNVSQNSNNELNENEFVE SEKSEHEARSEKKVIHGCNESSNVSSKETFTDSLDISINDDSAHISCNVHLSEPKYNHL VGLNCPGDIIPDCFFQVYQPESEELEPSNIVYLDSQINIGIDIEYYEDAEGDDKIKLFGIV GSIPKTTSFTCICKKDKKSAYMTVTIDSA >Spycatcher-RO.Pf6C DNA SEQ ID NO: 4 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCCGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGGGTAGCAGATCCACAAGTGAGAATAGAAAT AAACGAATCGGGGGTCCTAAATTAAGGGGTAATGTTACAAGTAATATAAAGTTCC CATCAGATAACAAAGGTAAAATTATAAGAGGTTCGAATGATAAACTTAATAAAA ACTCTGAAGATGTTTTAGAACAAAGCGAAAAATCGCTTGTTTCAGAAAATGTTCC TAGTGGATTAGATATAGATGATATCCCTAAAGAATCTATTTTTATTCAAGAAGAT CAAGAAGGTCAAACTCATTCTGAATTAAATCCTGAAACATCAGAACATAGTAAA GATTTAAATAATAATGGTTCAAAAAATGAATCTAGTGATATTATTTCAGAAAATA ATAAATCAAATAAAGTACAAAATCATTTTGAATCATTATCAGATTTAGAATTACT TGAAAATTCCTCACAAGATAATTTAGACAAAGATACAATTTCAACAGAACCTTTT CCTAATCAAAAACATAAAGACTTACAACAAGATTTAAATGATGAACCTTTAGAAC CCTTTCCTACACAAATACATAAAGATTATAAAGAAAAAAATTTAATAAATGAAGA AGATTCAGAACCATTTCCCAGACAAAAGCATAAAAAGGTAGACAATCATAATGA AGAAAAAAACGTATTTCATGAAAATGGTTCTGCAAATGGTAATCAAGGAAGTTTG AAACTTAAATCATTCGATGAACATTTAAAAGATGAAAAAATAGAAAATGAACCA CTTGTTCATGAAAATTTATCCATACCAAATGATCCAATAGAACAAATATTAAATC AACCTGAACAAGAAACAAATATCCAGGAACAATTGTATAATGAAAAACAAAATG TTGAAGAAAAACAAAATTCTCAAATACCTTCGTTAGATTTAAAAGAACCAACAAA TGAAGATATTTTACCAAATCATAATCCATTAGAAAATATAAAACAAAGTGAATCA GAAATAAATCATGTACAAGATCATGCGCTACCAAAAGAGAATATAATAGACAAA CTTGATAATCAAAAAGAACACATCGATCAATCACAACATAATATAAATGTATTAC AAGAAAATAACATAAACAATCACCAATTAGAACCTCAAGAGAAACCTAATATTG AATCGTTTGAACCTAAAAATATAGATTCAGAAATTATTCTTCCTGAAAATGTTGA AACAGAAGAAATAATAGATGATGTGCCTTCCCCTAAACATTCTAACCATGAAACA TTTGAAGAAGAAACAAGTGAATCTGAACATGAAGAAGCCGTATCTGAAAAAAAT GCCCACGAAACTGTCGAACATGAAGAAACTGTGTCTCAAGAAAGCAATCCTGAA AAAGCTGATAATGATGGAAATGTATCTCAAAACAGCAACAACGAATTAAATGAA AATGAATTCGTTGAATCGGAAAAAAGCGAGCATGAAGCAAGATCCGAAAAAAAA GTCATACACGGATGTAACTTCTCTTCAAATGTTAGTTCTAAACATACGTTTTACAGA TAGTTTAGATATTTCTTTAGTTGATGATAGTGCACATATTTCATGTAACGTACATT TGTCTGAACCAAAATATAATCATTTGGTAGGTTTAAATTGTCCTGGTGATATTATA CCAGATTGCTTTTTTCAAGTATATCAACCTGAATCAGAAGAACTTGAACCATCCA ACATTGTTTATTTAGATTCACAAATAAATATAGGAGATATTGAATATTATGAAGA TGCTGAAGGAGATGATAAAATTAAATTATTTGGTATAGTTGGAAGTATACCAAAA ACGACATCTTTTACTTGTATATGTAAGAAGGATAAAAAAAGTGCTTATATGACAG TTACTATAGATTCAGCA >SpyCatcher-Pf6C SEQ ID NO: 5 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSRSEKKVIHGCNFSSNVSSKHTFTDSLDISLVDDSAHISCNVHLSEPKYNHLVGL NCPGDIIPDCFFQVYQPESEELEPSNIVYLDSQINIGDIEYYFDAEGDDKIKLFGIVGSIP KTTSFTCICKKDKKSAYMTVTIDSARS >SpyCatcher-Pf6C DNA SEQ ID NO: 6 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCAGATCCGAAAAAAAAGTCATACAC GGATGTAACTTCTCTTCAAATGTTAGTTCTAAACATACTTTTACAGATAGTTTAGA TATTTCTTTAGTTGATGATAGTGCACATATTTCATGTAACGTACATTTGTCTGAAC CAAAATATAATCATTTGGTAGGTTTAAATTGTCCTGCGTGATATTATACCAGATTGC TTTTTTCAAGTATATCAACCTGAATCAGAAGAACGTTGAACCATCCAACATTGTTTA TTTAGATTCACAAATAAATATAGGAGATATTGAATATTATGAAGATGCTGAAGGA GATGATAAAATTAAATTATTTGGTATAGTTGGAAGTATACCAAAAACGACATCTT TTACTTGTATATGTAAGAAGGATAAAAAAAGTGCTTATATGACAGTTACTATAGA TTCAGCAAGATCTtaa >SpyTag-DBL1-ID2a SEQ ID NO: 7 MAHIVMVDAYKPTKNKIEEYLGAKSDDSKIDELLKADPSEVEYYRSGGDGDYLKNNI CKITVNHSDSGKYDPCEKKLPPYDDNDQWKCQQNSSDGSGKPENICVPPRRERLCTY NLENLKFDKIRDNNAFLADVLLTARNEGEKIVQNHPDTNSSNVCNALERSFADLADII RGTDQWKGTNSNLEKNLKQMFAKIRENDKVLQDKYPKDQKYTKLREAWWNANRQ KVWEVITCGARSNDLLIKRGWRTSGKSDRKKNFELCRKCGHYFKEVPTKLDYVPQF LRWLTEWIEDFYREKQNLIDDMERHREECTREDHKSKEGTSYCSTCKDKCKKYCEC VKKWKTEWENQENKYKDLYEQNKNKTSQKNTSRYDDYVKDFFEKLEANYSSLENY IKGDPYFAEYATKLSFILNPSDANNPSGETANHNDEACNCNESGISSVGQAQTSGPSS NKTCITHSSIKTNKKKECKDVKLGVRENDKDLKICVIEDTSLSGVDNCCCQDLLGILQ ENCSDNKRGSSSNDSCDNKNQDECQKKLEKVFASLTNOYKCDKCKSGTSRSKKKWI WKKSSGNEEGLQEEYANTIGLPPRTQSLYLGNLPKLENVCEDVKDINFDTKEKFLAG CLIVSFHEGKNLKKRYPQNKNSGNKENLCKALEYSFADYGDLIKGTSIWDNEYTKDL ELNLQNNFGKLFGKYIKKNNTAEQDTSYSSLDELRESWWNTNKKYIWTAMKHGAE MNITTCNADGSVTGSGSSCDDIPTIDLIPQYLRFLQEWVENFCEQRQAKVKDVITNCK SCKESGNKCKTECKTKCKDECEKYKKFIEACGTAGGGIGTAGSPWSKRWDQIYKRY SKHIEDAKRNRKAGTKNCGTSSTTNAAASTDENKCVQSDIDSFFKHLIDIGLTTPSSYL SNVLDDNICGADKAPWTTYTTYTTTEKCNKERDKSKSQSSDTLVVVNVPSPLGNTPY RYKYACQCKIPTNEETCDDRKEYMNQWSCGSARTMKRGYKNDNYELCKYNGVDV KPTTVRSNSSKLD <SpyTag-DBL1-ID2a DNA SEQ ID NO: 8 atgGCTCACATCGTGATGGTGGACGCTTACAAGCCCACCAAGAACAAGATCGAGG AATATCTGGGAGCTAAGTCCGATGACAGCAAGATCGACGAACTGCTGAAGGCCG ATCCTAGCGAAGTGGAGTACTACAGAAGCGGAGGCGACGGCGACTACCTGAAGA ACAACATCTGCAAGATCACCGTGAACCACAGCGATAGCGGCAAGTATGACCCCT GCGAGAAGAAGCTGCCCCCCTACGACGACAACGACCAGTGGAAGTGCCAGCAGA ACAGCAGCGACGGCAGCGGCAAGCCCGAGAACATCTGCGTGCCCCCCAGACGGG AGCGGCTGTGCACCTACAACCTGGAAAACCTGAAGTTCGACAAGATCCGGGACA ACAACGCCTTCCTGGCCGACGTGCTGCTGACCGCCCGGAACGAGGGCGAGAAGA TCGTGCAGAACCACCCCGACACCAACAGCAGCAACGTGTGCAACGCCCTGGAAC GGTCCTTCGCTGACCTGGCTGACATCATCCGGGGCACCGATCAGTGGAAGGGCAC CAACTCCAATCTGGAAAAGAACCTGAAGCAGATGTTCGCCAAGATCAGAGAAAA CGACAAGGTGCTGCAGGACAAGTACCCCAAGGACCAGAAGTACACCAAGCTGCG GGAGGCCTGGTGGAACGCCAACCGGCAGAAAGTGTGGGAAGTGATCACCTGTGG CGCCAGAAGCAACGATCTGCTGATCAAGCGGGGCTGGCGGACCAGCGGCAAGAG CGACCGGAAGAAAAACTTCGAGCTGTGCCGGAAGTGCGGCCACTACGAGAAAGA GGTGCCCACCAAGCTGGACTACGTGCCCCAGTTCCTGCGGTGGCTGACCGAGTGG ATCGAGGACTTCTACCGGGAGAAGCAGAACCTGATCGACGACATGGAACGGCAC CGGGAGGAATGCACCAGAGACTGACCACAAGAGCAAAGAGGGCACCAGCTACTG CAGCACATGCAAGGACAAGTGCAAGAAATACTGCGAGTGCGTGAAGAAATGGAA AACCGAGTGGGAGAACCAGGAAAACAAGTACAAGGACCTGTACGAGCAGAACA AGAACAAGACCAGCCAGAAGAACACCAGCAGATACGACGACTACGTGAAGGACT TCTTCGAGAAGCTGGAAGCCAACTACAGCAGCCTGGAAAACTACATCAAGGGCG ACCCCTATTTCGCTGAGTACGCTACAAAACTGAGCTTCATCCTGAACCCCAGCGA CGCCAACAACCCCAGCGGCGAGACAGCCAACCACAACGACGAGGCCTGCAACTG CAACGAGAGCGGCATCAGCAGCGTGGGCCAGGCTCAGACATCCGGCCCTAGCAG CAACAAGACCTGTATCACCCACAGCTCCATCAAGACCAACAAGAAAAAAGAATG CAAGGACGTGAAGCTGGGCGTGCGGGAGAACGACAAGCGATCTGAAGATCTGCGT GATCGAGGACACCAGCCTGAGCGGCGTGGACAACTGCTGCTGCCAGGATCTGCT GGGCATCCTGCAGGAAAACTGCAGCGACAACAAGCGGGGCAGCAGCTCCAACGA CAGCTGCGACAATAAGAACCAGGACGAGTGCCAGAAAAAGCTGGAAAAGGTGTT CGCCAGCCTGACCAACGGCTACAACTTGCGATAAGTGCAAGAGCTGGCACCTCCCG GTCCAAGAAGAACTTGGATCTGGAAGAAGTCCAGCGGCAAGCACGAGGAAGGCCT GGAAGAGTACGCCAACACCATCGGCCTGCCCCCCAGGACCCAGAGCCTGTACCT GGGCAATCTGCCCAAACTGGAAAACGTGTGCGAGGATGTGAAGGACATCAACTT CGACACCAAAGAGAAGTTCTGGCCOGCTGCCTGGTCGTGTCCTTCCACGAGGGC AAGAATCTGAAGAAGCGCTACCCCCAGAATAAGAACAGCGGCAACAAAGAAAA CCTGTGCAAGCTCTCTGGAATACAGCTTCGCCGACTACGGCGACCTGATCAAGGGC ACCTCCATCTGGGACAACGAGTACACAAAGGACCTGGAACTGAATCTGCAGAAC AACTTCGGCAAGCTGTTCGGCAAGTACATCAAGAAGAACAATACCGCCGAGCAG GACACCTCCTACAGCTCCCTGGACGAGCTGCGCGAGTCTTGGTGGAATACCAATA AGAAGTACATCTGGACCGCCATGAAGCACGGCGCCGAGATGAACATCTGCACCT GTAACGCCGACGGCTCCGTGACCGGCAGCGGCTCCAGCTGCGACGACATCCCCAC CATCGACCTGATCCCCCAGTACCTGAGATTTCTGCAGGAATGGGTCGAGAACTTC TGCGAGCAGCGGCAGGCCAAAGTGAAGGACGTGATCACCAACTGCAAGAGCTGC AAAGAATCCGGCAACAAATGCAAGACCGAGTGCAAAACCAAGTGCAAGGATTGGA GTGCGAGAAGTACAAGAAGTTCATCGAGGCCTGCGGCACAGCCGGCGGAGGCAT CGGAACAGCCGGCAGCCCCTGGTCCAAGAGATGGGACCAGATCTACAAGCGGTA CAGCAAGCACATCGAGGACGCCAAGCGGAACCGGAAGGCCGGCACCAAGAACT GCGGCACCAGCTCCACCACCAACGCCGCTGCCAGCACCGACGAGAATAAGTGCG TGCAGAGCGACATCCTACAGCTTTTTCAAGCACCTGATCGATATCGGCCTGACCAC CCCCAGCAGCTACCTGAGCAACGTGCTGGACGACAACTTCTGTGGCGCCGACAA GGCCCCCTGGACAACCTATACAACATACACTACAACCGAGAAGTGCAACAAAGA GCGGGACAAGAGCAAGAGCCAGAGCAGCGACACCCTGGTGGTGGTGAACGTGCC CAGCCCCCTGGGCAACACACCCTACCGGTACAAGTACGCCTGCCAGTGCAAGATC CCCACCAACGAGGAAACATGCGACGACCGGAAAGAATACATGAACCAGTGGTCC TGCGGGAGCGCTCGGACCATGAAGAGAGGGTATAAGAACGATAACTACGAACTG TGCAAGTACAACGGCGTGGATGTGAAGCCCACCACCGTGCGGAGCAACTCCAGC AAGCTGGAC >PD-L1-SpyTag SEQ ID NO: 9 FTITAPKDLYVVEYGSNVTMECRFPVERELDLLALVVYWEKEDEQVIQFVAGEEDLK PQHSNFRGRASLPKDQLLKGNAALQITDVKLQDAGVYCCIISYGGADYKRITLKYNA PYRKINQRISVDPATSEHELICQAEGYPEAEVIWTNSDHQPVSGKRSVTTSRTEGMLL NVTSSLRVNATANDVFYCTFWRSQPGQNHTAELIIPELPATHPPQNRTHGGSAHIVM VDAYKPTK >PD-L1-SpyTag DNA SEQ ID NO: 10 TTCACCATCACCGCTCCCAAGGACCTGTACGTGGTCGAGTACGGTTCCAACGTGA CAATGGAATGCCGTTTCCCCGTCGAGCGCGAGCTGGACCTGTTGGCTTTGGTGGT GTACTGGGAGAAGGAAGATGAGCAAGTCATCCAGTTCGTGGCTGGCCAAGAGGA CCTGAAGCCCCAGCACTCCAACTTCCGTGGTCGTGCTTCCCTGCCTAAGGACCAG CTGCTGAAGGGCAACGCTGCTCTGCAGATCACCGACGTGAAGCTGCAGGACGCT GGTGTCTACTGCTGCATCATCTCCTACGGTCTGTGCTGACTACAAGCGTATCACCCT CAAAGTGAACGCTCCCTACCGCAAGATCAACCAGCGCATCTCCGTGGACCCCGCT ACCTCTGAGCACGAGCTGATCTGCCAGGCTGAGGGTTACCCCGAGGCTGAAGTGA TCTGGACCAACTCCGACCACCAGCCCGTGTCCGGAAAGCGTTCCGTGACCACCTC TCGTACCGAGGGCATGCTGCTGAACGTGACCTCCTCCCTGCGTGTGAACGCTACC GCTAACGACGTGTTCTACTGCACCTTCTGGCGTTCCCAGCCCGGCCAGAACCACA CCGCTGAGCTGATCATCCCCGAGCTGCCTGCTACCCACCCCCCTCAAAACCGTAC CCACGCTTGGTTCCGCTCACATCGTGATGGTGGACGCTTACAAGCCCACTAAATAA >CTLA4-spyTag SEQ ID NO: 11 EAIQVTQPSVVLASSHGVASFPCEYSPSHNTDEVRVTVLRQTNDQMTEVCATTFTEK NTVGFLDYPFCSGTFNESRVNLTIQGLRAVDTGLYLCKVELMYPPPYFVGMGNGTQI YVIDPEPSPDSDGGSAHIVMVDAYKPTK >CTLA4-spyTag DNA SEQ ID NO: 12 GAGGCTATCCAAGTGACCCAGCCCTCCGTGGTGCTGGCTTCCTCTCACGGTCTTTG CCAGCTTCCCTTGCGAGTACTCCCCCTCCCACAACACCGACGAAGTGCGTGTGAC CGTGCTGCGTCAGACCAACGACCAGATGACCGAAGTGTGCGCTACCACCTTCACC GAGAAGAACACCGTCGGTTTCTTGGACTACCCCTTCTGCTCCGGCACCTTCAACG AGTCCCGTGTGAACCTGACCATCCAGGGCCTGCGTGCTGTGGACACCGGACTGTA CCTGTGCAAGGTCGAGCTGATTGTACCCTCCCCCCTACTTCGTGGGCATGGGCAAC GGCACCCAGATCTACGTGATCGACCCCGAGCCTTCCCCCGACTCTGACGGTGGTT CTGCTCACATCGTGATGGTGGACGCTTACAAGCCCACTAAATAA >AMA1-SpyTag SEQ ID NO: 13 QNYWEHPYQNSDVYRPINEHREHPKEYTYPLHQEHTYQQEDSGEDENTLQHAYPID HEGAEPAFQEQNLFSSIEIVERSNYMGNPWTEYMAKYDIEEVHGSGIRVDLGEDAEV AGTQYRLPSGKCPVPGKGIIIENSNTTFLTPVATGNQYLKDGGFAFPPTEPLMSPMTLD EMRHFYKDNKYVKNLDELTLCSRHAGNMIPDNDKNSNYKYPAVYDDKDKKCHILYI AAQENNGPRYCNKDESKRNSMFCFRPAKDISFQNYTYLSKNVVDNWEKVCPRKNLQ NAKFGLWVDGNCEDIPHVNEFPAIDLFECNKLVFELSASDQPKQYEQHLTDYEKIKE GFKNKNASMIKSAFLPTGAFKADRYKSHGKGYNWGNYNTETQKCEIFNVKPTCLIN NSSYIATTALSHPIEVENNFPCSLYKDEIMKEIERESKRIKLNDNDDEGNKKIIAPRIFIS DDKDSLKCPCDPEMVSNSTCRFFVCKCVERRAEVTSNNEVVVKEEYKDEYADIPEHK PTYDKMKGGSGAHVMVDAYKPTK >SpyTag-L-Der p2 SEQ ID NO: 14 AHIVMVDAYKPTKGGSDQVDVKDCANHEIKKVLVPGCHGSEPCIIHRGKPFQLEAVP EANQNSKTAKIEIKASIDGLEVDVPGIDPNACHYMKCLVKGQQYDIKYTWNVPKIA PKSENVVVTVKVMGDDGVLACAIATHAKIRDAS >SpyTag-L-Der p2 DNA SEQ ID NO: 15 GCTCACATCGTGATGGTGGACGCTTACAAGCCCACCAAGGGTggatccGATCAAGTC GATGTCAAAGATTGTGCCAATCATGAAATCAAAAAAGTTTTGGTACCAGGATGCC ATGGTTCAGAACCATGTATCATTCATCGTGGTAAACCATTCCAATTGGAAGCCGT TTTCGAAGCCAACCAAAACTCAAAAACCGCTAAAATTGAAATCAAAGCTTCAATC GATGGTTTAGAAGTTGATGTTCCCGGTATCGATCCAAATGCATGCCATTATATGA AATGTCCATTGGTTAAAGGACAACAATGATATTAAATATACATGGAATGTTCC GAAAATTGCACCAAAATCTGAAAATGTTGTCGTCACTGTCAAAGTTATGGGTGAT GATGGTGTTTTGGCCTGTGCTATTGCTACTCATGCTAAAATCCGCGATgctagc >miniHAstem-HIS-SpyTag SEQ ID NO: 16 MKVKLLVLLCTFTATYADTICIGYHANNSTDTVDTVLEKNVTVTHSVNLLENGGGG KYVCSAKLRMVTGLRNKPSKQSQGLFGAIAGFTEGGWTGMVDGWYGYHHQNEQG SGYAADQKSTQNAINGITNKVNSTVIEKMNTQYTAIGCEYNKSERCMKQIEDKIEEIES KIWTYNAELLVLLENERTLDFHDSNVKNLYEKVKSQLKNNAKEIGNGCFEFYHKCN DECMESVKINGTYDYPKYSEESKLNREKIDGVKLESMGVYQIEGHHHHHHGGAHIV MVDAYKPTK >miniHAstem-HIS-Spytag DNA SEQ ID NO: 17 ATGAAAGTGAAGCTGCTGGTGCTGCTGTGCACCTTCACCGCCACCTACGCCGACA CCATCTGCATCGGCTACCACGCCAACAACAGCACCGACACCGTGGATACCGTGCT GGAAAAGAACGTGACCGTGACCCACAGCGTGAACCTGCTGGAAAATGGCGGCGG AGGCAAATACGTGTGCAGCGCCAAGCTGCGGATGGTTCACCGGCCTGAGAAACAA GCCCAGCAAGCAGAGCCAGGGCCTGTTCGGAGCCATTGCCGGCTTTACAGAGGG CGGCTGGACCGGCATGGTGGATGGGTGGTACGGCTATCACCACCAGAACGAGCA GGGCAGCGGCTACGCCGCCGATCAGAAGTCTACCCAGAACGCCATCAACGGCAT CACCAACAAAGTGAACAGCGTGATCGAGAAGATGAACACCCAGTACACCGCCAT CGGCTGCGAGTACAACAAGAGCGAGCGGTGCATGAAGCAGATCGAGGACAAGAT CGAAGAGATCGAGTCTAAGATCTGGACCTACAACGCCGAACTGCTGGTGCTGCTG GAAAACGAGCGGACCCTGGACTTCCACGACAGCAACGTGAAGAACCTGTACGAG AAAGTGAAAAGCCAGCTGAAGAACAACGCCAAAGAGATCGGCAACGGCTGCTTC GAGTTCTACCACAAGTGCAACGACGAGTGCATGGAAAGCGTGAAGAATGGCACC TACGACTACCCCAAGTACAGCGAGGAAAGCAAGCTGAACCGCGAGAAGATCGAC GGCGTGAAGCTGGAATCTATGGGCGTGTACCAGATTGAGGGCCACCACCATCACC ATCATCACGGCGGAGCCCACATCGTGATGGTGGACGCCTACAAGCCCACCAAAT AA >A1 > SpyCatcher-Her2-ECD|23-686 SEQ ID NO: 18 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSTQVCTGTDMKLRLPASPETHLDMLRHLYQGCQVVQGNLELTYLPTNASLSFL QDIQEVQGYVLIAHNQVRQVPLQRLRIVRGTQLFEDNYALAVLDNGDPLNNTTPVTG ASPGGLRELQLRSLTEILKGGVLIQRNPQLCYQDTILWKDIFHKNNQLALTLIDTNRSR ACHPCSPMCKGSRCWGESSEDCQSLTRTVCAGGCARCKGPLPTDCCHEQCAAGCTG PKHSDCLACLHFNHSGICELHCPALVTYNTDTFESMPNPEGRYTFGASCVTACPYNY LSTDVGSCTLVCPLHNQEVTAEDGTQRCEKCSKPCARVCYGLGMEHLREVRAVTSA NIQEFAGCKKIFGSLAFLPESFDGDPASNTAPLQPEQLQVFETLEEITGYLYISAWPDSL PDLSVFQNLQVIRGRILHNGAYSLTLQGLGISWLGLRSLRELGSGLALIHHNTHLCPV HTVPWDQLFRNPFIQALLHTANRPEDECVGEGLACHQLCARGHCWGPGPTQCVNCS QFLRGQECVEECRVLQGLPREYVNARHCLPCHPECQPQNGSVTCFGPEADQCVACA HYKDPPFCVARCPSGVKPDLSYMPIWKFPDEEGACQPCPINCTHSCVDILDDKGCPAE QRASPLTSIISAVVGILLVVVLGVVFGILIKRRQQKIRKYTHHHHHH >A2 > SpyCatcher-IL-5(C63T/C105T) SEQ ID NO: 19 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLPYGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSIPTEIPTSALVKETLALLSTHRTLLIANETLRIPVPVHKNHQLTTEEIFQGIGTLES QTVQGGTVERLFKNLSIKKYIDGQKKKTGEERRRVNQFLDYLQEFLGVMNTEWIIE S*SGRK >A3 > PCSK9|31-692|: SpyCatcher:HIS SEQ ID NO: 20 QEDEDGDYEELVLALRSEEDGLAEAPEHGTTATFHRCAKDPWRLPGTYVVVLKEET HLSQSERTARRLQAQAARRGYLTKILHVFHGLLPGFLVKMSGDLLELALKLPHVDYI EEDSSVFAQSIPWNLERITPPRYRADEYQPPDGGSLVEVYLLDTSIQSDHREIEGRVMV TDFENVPEEDGTRFHRQASKCDSHGTHLAGVVSGRDAGVAKGASMRSLRVLNCQG KGTVSGTLIGLEFIRKSQLVQPVGPLVVLLPLAGGYSRVLNAACQRLARAGVVLVTA AGNFRDDACLYSPASAPEVITVGATNAQDQPVTLGTLGTNFGRCVDLFAPGEDIIGAS SDCSTCFVSQSGTSQAAAHVAGIAAMMLSAEPELTLAELRQRLIHFSAKDVINEAWFP EDQRVLTPNLVAALPPSTHGAGWQLFCRTVWSAHSGPTRMATAVARCAPDEELLSC SSFSRSGKRRGERMEAQGGKLVCRAHNAFGGEGVYAIARCCLLQANCSVHTAPPA EASMGTRVHCHQQGHVLTGCSSHWEVEDLGTHKPPVLRPRGQPNQCVGHREASIHA SCCHAPGLECKVKEHGIPAPQEQVTVAICCRSRHLAQASQELQGGSGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQ VVRSRDVSTTGSTSEGAVTAVAICCRSRHLAQASQELQGGSGAMVDTLSGLSSQGQ SGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPG KYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKNTKGDAHIHHHHHH >A4 > SpyCatcher-ID1ID2a-HIS SEQ ID NO: 21 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSNYIKGDPYFAEYATKLSFILNPSDANNPSGETANHNDEACNCNESGISSVGQA QTSGPSSNKTCITHSSIKTNKKKECKDVKLGVRENDKDLKICVIEDTSLSGVDNCCCQ DLLGILQENCSDNKRGSSSNDSCDNKNQDECQKKLEKVFASLTNGYKCDKCKSGTSR SKKKWIWKKSSGNEEGLQEEYANTIGLPPRTQSLYLGNLPKLENVCEDVKDINFDTK EKFLAGCLIVSFHEGKNLKKRYPQNKNSGNKENLCKALEYSFADYGDLIKGTSIWDN EYTKDLELNLQNNFGKLFGKYIKKNNTAEQDTSYSSLDELRESWWNTNKKYIWTAM KHGAEMNITTCNADGSVTGSGSSCDDIPTIDLIPQYLRFLQEWVENFCEQRQAKVKD VITNCKSCKESGNKCKTECKTKCKDECEKYKKFIEACGTAGGGIGTAGSPWSKRWD QIYKRYSKHIEDAKRNRKAGTKNCGTSSTTNAAASTDENKCVQSDIDSFFKHLIDIGL TTPSSYLSNVLDDNICGADKAPWTTYTTYTTTEKCNKERDKSKSQSSDTLVVVNVPS PLGNTPYRYKYACQCKIPTNEETCDDRKEYMNQWSCGSARTMKRGYKNDNYELCK YNGVDVKPTTVRSNSSKLDHHHHHH >A5 > Spycatcher-RO-HIS SEQ ID NO: 22  GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSTSENRNKRIGGPKLRGNVTSNIKFPSDNKGKIIRGSNDKLNKNSEDVLEQSEKS LVSENYPSGLDIDDIPKESIFIQEDQEGQTHSELNPETSEHSKDLNNNGSKNESSDIISEN NKSNKVQNHFESLSDLELLENSSQDNLDKDTISTEPFPNQKHKPLQQDLNDEPLEPFP TQIHKDYKEKNLINEEDSEPFPRQKHKKVDNHNEEKNVFHENGSANGNQGSLKLKSF DEHLKDEKIENEPLVHENLSIPNDPIEQILNQPEQETNIQEQLYNEKQNVEEKQNSQIRS LDLKEPTNEDILPNHNPLENIKQSESEINHVQDHALPKENIIDKLDNQKEHIDQSQHNI NVLQENNINNHQLEPQEKPNIESFEPKNIDSEIILPENVETEEIIDDVPSPKHSNHETFEE ETSESEHEEAVSEKNAHETVEHEETVSQESNPEKADNDGNVSQNSNNELNENEFVES EKSEHEARSKAKEASSYDYILGWEEGGGVPEFIKKEENMLSHLYVSSKDKENISKEND DVLDEKEEEAEETEEEELEEKNEEETESEISEDEEEEEEEEEKEEENDKKKEQEKEQSN ENNDQKKDMEAQNLISKNQNNEKNVKEAESIMKTLAGLIKGNNQIDSTLKDINE ELSKYFKNHRSHHHHHH >A6 > HIS-RO-SpyCatcher SEQ ID NO: 23 GSTSENRNKRIGGPKLRGNVTSNIKFPSDNKGKIIRGSNDKLNKNSEDVLEQSEKSLVS ENVPSGLDIDDIPKESIFIQEDQEGQTHSELNPETSEHSKDLNNNGSKNESSDIISENNK SNKVQNHFSLSDLELLENSSQDNLDKDTISTEPFPNQKHKDLQQDLNDEPLEPFPTQI HKDYKEKNLINEEDSEPFPRQKHKKVDNHNEEKNVFHENGSANGNQGSLKLKSFDE HLKDEKIENEPLVHENLSIPNDPIEQILNQPEQETNIQEQLYNEKQNVEEKQNSQIPSLD LKEPTNEDILPNHNPLENIKQSESEINHVQDHALPKENIIDKLDNQKEHIDQSQHNINV LQENNINNHQLEPQEKPNIESFEPKNIDSEIILPNVETEEIIDDVPSPKHSNHETFEEETS ESEHEEAVSEKNAHETVEHEETVSQESNPEKADNDGNVSQNSNNELNENEFVESEKS EHEAGGSGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELR DSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYINPGKYTEVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNG KATKGDAHI >A7 > HIS-GMZ2ggsSpycatcher SEQ ID NO: 24 GSTSENRNKRIGGPKLRGNVTSNIKEPSDNKGKIIRGSNDKLNKNSEDVLEQSEKSLVS ENVPSGLDIDDIPKESIFIQEDQEGQTHSELNPETSEHSKDLNNNGSKNESSDIISENNK SNKVQNHFESLSDLELLENSSQDNLDKDTISTEPFPNQKHKDLQQDLNDEPLEPFPTQI HKDYKEKNLINEEDSERFPRQKHKKVDNHNEEKNVFHENGSANGNQGSLKLKSFDE HLKDEKIENEPLVHENLSIPNDPIEQILNQPEQETNIQEQLYNEKQNVEEKQNSQIPSLID LKEPTNEDILPNHNPLENIKQSESEINHVQDHALPKENIIPKLDNQKEHIDQSQHNINV LQENNINNHQLEPQEKPNIESFEPKNIDSEIILPENVETEEIIDDVPSPKHSNHETFEEETS ESEHEEAVSEKNAHETVEHEETVSQESNPEKADNDGNVSQNSNNELNENEFVESEKS EHEARSKAKEASSYDYILGWEFGQGVPEHKKEENMLSHLYVSSKDKENISKENDDVL DEKEEEAEETEEEELEEKNEEETESEISEWEEEEEEEEEKEEENDKKKEQEKEQSNENN DQKKDMEAQNLISKNQNNNEKNVKEAAESIMKTLAGLIKGNNQIDSTLKDLVEELSK YFKNHQGSGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMEL RDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVN GKATKQDAHI >A8 > HIS-GMZ2T:ggsSpyCatcher SEQ ID NO: 25 GSTSENRNKRIGGPKLRGNVTSNIKFPSDNKGKIIRGSNDKLNKNSEDVLEQSEKSLVS ENVPSGLDIDDIPKESIFIQEDQEGQTHSELNPETSEHSKDLNNNGSKNESSDIISENNK SNKVQNHFESLSDLELLENSSQDNLDKDTISTEPFPNQKHKDLQQDLNDEPLEPFPTQI HKDYKEKNLINEEDSEPFPRQKHKKVDNHNEEKNVFHENGSANGNQGSLKLKSFDE HLKDEKIENEPLVHENLSIPNDPIEQILNQPEQETNIQEQLYNEKQNVEEKQNSQIPSLD LKEPTNEDILPNHNPLENIKQSESEINHVQDHALPKENIIDKLDNQKEHIDQSQHNINV LQENNINNHQLEPQEKPNIESFEPKNIDSEIILPENVETEEIIDDVPSPKHSNHETFEEETS ESEHEEAVSEKNAHETVEHEETVSQESNPEKADNDGNVSQNSNNELNENEFVESEKS EHEARSKTKEYAEKAKNAYEKAKNAYQKANQAVLKAKEASSYDYILGWEFGGGVP EHKKEENMLSHLYVSSKDKENISKENDDVLDEKEEEAEETEEEELEGGSGAMVDTLS GLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQV KDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAHI >A9 > SpyCatcher-PfRH5-HIS SEQ ID NO: 26 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSLSFENAIKKTKNQENNLTLLPIKSTEEEKDDIKNGKDIKKEIDNDKENIKTNNA KDHSTYIKSYLNTNVNDGLKYLFIPSHNSFIKKYSVFNQINDGMLLNEKNDVKNNED YKNVDYKNVNFLQYHFKELSNYMANSIDILQEKEGHLDFVIIPHYTFLDYYKHLSYN SIYHKYSTYGKYIAVDAFIKKINETYDKVKSKCNDIKNDLIATIKKLEHPYDINNKND DSYRYDISEEIDDKSEETDDETEEVEDSIQDTDSNHTPSNKKKNDLMNRTFKKMMDE YNTKKKKLIKCIKNHENDFNKICMDMKNYGTNLFEQLSCYNNNFCNTNGIRFHYDE YIHKLILSVKSKNLNKDLSDMTNILQQSELLLTNLNKKMQSYIYIDTIKFIHKEMKHIF NRIEYHTKIINDKTKIIQDKIKLNIWRTFQKDELLKRILDMSNEYSLFITSDHLRQMLYN TFYSKEKHLNNIFHHLIYVLQMKFNDVPIKIVEYFQTYKKNKPLTQHHHHHH >A10 > SpyCatcher-Pfs25-HIS SEQ ID NO: 27 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSNKLYSLFLFLFIQLSIKYNNAKVTVDTKKRGFLIQMSGHLECKCENDLVLVN EETCEEKVLKCDEKTVNKPCGDFSKCIKIDGNPVSYACKCNLGYDMVNNVCIPNECK NVTCGNQKCILDTSNPVKTGVSCNIGKVPNVQDQNKCSKDGETKCSLKCLKENETC KAVDGIYKCDCKDGFIIDNESSICTAFSAYNILNLSIMFILFSVCFFIM >A11 > HIS-PfCSP(aa92-397)-Spycatcher SEQ ID NO: 28 KLKQPADQNPDPNANPNVDPNANPNVDPNANPNVDPNANPNANPNANPNANPNAN PNANPNANPNANFNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNVDPNA NPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANFNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPN ANPNANPNANPNANPNKNNQGNGQQHNNERNDPNRNVDENANANSAVKNNNNEER SDKHIKEYLNKIQNSLSTEWSPCSVTCGNGIQVRIKPQSANKPKDELDYANDIEKKICK MEKCSSVFNVVNSSIGLIMVLSFLFLNGGSGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSAT HIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPD GYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAHI >A3 > PCSK9|31-692|:SpyCatcher:HIS DNA SEQ ID NO: 29 TTTCATATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCOCCT GGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTAC GTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAATGGGC GTGGATAGCGGTTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAA TGGGAGTTTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAACAAC TCCGCCCCATTGACGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAA GCAGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGAGAACCCACTGCTTACTGGCTTATCGAAATTAA TACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACCCAAGCTGGCCAGCGTTTAAACTTAAGCTTAGCG CAGAGGCTTGGGGCAGCCGAGCGGCAGCCAGGCCCCGGCCCGGGCCTCGGTTCC AGAAGGGAGAGGAGCCCGCCAAGGCGCGCAAGAGAGCGGGCTGCCTCGCAGTCC GAGCCGGAGAGGGAGCGCGAGCCGCGCCGGCCCCGGACGGCCTCCGAAACCATG CAGGAAGATGAGGACGGCGACTACGAGGAACTGGTGCTGGCCCTGCGGAGCGAA GAGGATGGACTGGCCGAGGCCCCTGAGCACGGCACCACCGCCACCTTCCACAGA TGCGCCAAGGACCCTTGGCGGCTGCCCGGCACATACGTGGTGGTGCTGAAAGAG GAAACTCACCTGAGCCAGAGCGAGCGGACCGCCAGAAGGCTCGCAGGCCCAGGCC GCCAGAAGAGGCTACCTGACCAAGATCCTGCACGTGTTCCACGGCCTGCTGCCCG GCTTCCTGGTGAAAATGAGCGGCGACCTGCTGGAACTGGCCCTGAAGCTGCCCCA CGTGGACTACATCGAAGAGGACAGCAGCGTGTTCGCCCAGAGCATCCCCTGGAA CCTGGAACGGATCACCCCCCCCAGATACCGGGCCGACGAGTACCAGCCTCCTGAC GGCGGCAGCCTGGTGGAAGTGTACCTGCTGGACACCAGCATCCAGAGCGACCAC CGCGAGATCGAGGGCAGAGTGATGGTGACAGACTTCGAGAACGTGCCCGAAGAG GACGGCACCCGGTTCCACAGACAGGCCAGCAAGTGCGACAGCCACGGCACACAT CTGGCCGGCGTGGTGTCTGGCAGAGATGCCGGCGTGGCCAACGGGCGCCAGCATG AGAAGCCTGCGGGTGCTGAACTGCCAGGGCAAGGGCACCGTGTCCGGCACCCTG ATCGGCCTGGAATTCATCCGGAAGTCCCAGCTGGTGCAGCCCGTGGGCCCTCTGG TGGTGCTGCTGCCTCTGGCTGGCGGCTACAGCAGAGTGCTGAACGCCGCCTGCCA GAGACTGGCCAGAGCTGGCGTGGTGCTGGTGACAGCCGCCGGAAACTTCCGGGA CGACGCCTGCCTGTACAGCCCCGCCTCTGCCCCCGAAGTGATCACTGTGGGCGCC ACCAACGCCCAGGACCAGCCTGTGACACTGGGCACCCTGGGCACAAACTTCGGC AGATGCGTGGACCTGTTCGCCCCTGGCGAGGACATCATCGGCGCCAGCAGCGACT GCAGCACCTGTTTCGTGTCCCAGAGCGGCACCAGCCAGGCCGCTGCCCATGTGGC CGGAATCGCCGCCATGATGCTGAGCGCCGAGCCTGAGCTGACCCTGGCCGAGCTG CGGCAGCGGCTGATCCACTTCTCCGCCAAGGACGTGATCAACGAGGCCTGGTTCC CCGAGGACCAGAGAGTGCTGACCCCCAACCTGGTGGCCGCCCTGCCTCCTTCTAC ACACGGCGCTGGCTGGCAGCTGTTCTGCAGGACAGGTGTGGTCCGCCCACAGCGGC CCCACCAGAATGGCCACAGCCGTGGCCAGATGCGCCCCTGATGAGGAACTGCTG AGCTGCAGCAGCTTCTCCAGAAGCGGCAAGCGGAGAGGCGAGCGGATGGAAGCC CAGGGCGGCAAGCTCGTGTGCAGAGCCCACAATGCCTTCGGCGGCGAGGGCGTG TACGCCATTGCCAGATGCTGCTGCTGCTGCCTCAGGCCAACTGCAGCGTGCACACAG CGCTCCAGCCGAGGCCAGCATGGGCACCAGAGTGCACTGCCACCAGCAGGGCC ACGTGCTGACCGGCTGTAGCAGCCACTGGGAGGTGGAAGATCTGGGCACCCACA AGCCCCCCGTGCTGAGGCCCAGAGGCCAGCCTAATCAGTGCGTGGGCCACAGAG AGGCCTCCATCCACGCCAGCTGTTGCCACGCCCCTGGCCTGGAATGCAAAGTGAA AGAGCACGGCATCCCTGCCCCCCAGGAACAGGTCACAGTGGCCTGCGAGGAAGG CTGGACCCTGACAGGCTGTTCCGCCCTGCCAGGCACCTCTCACGTGCTGGGCGCC TACGCCGTGGACAATACCTGTCGTCGTGCGCAGCCGGGACGTGTCCACAACCGGCT CTACAAGCGAGGGCGCCGTGACCGCCGTGGCCATCTGCTGCAGAAGCAGACACC TGGCCCAGGCCTCCCAGGAACTGCAGGGCGGATCTGGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCT GAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGTGATATGACCATTGAAGAAGA TAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGATGAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGC AGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGTAAAACCATTAGCACCTGGAT TAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACCCTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTG AAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTFGCAACCGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAA TGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCAACCAAAGGTGATGCACATAT TCACCACCACCATCACCACTAAGCGGCCGCTTTT >A4 > SpyCatcher-ggs-ID1ID2a-HIS DNA SEQ ID NO: 30 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCGGTCCGGCAACCGAACAGGGTCAG GATACCTTTACCAAAGTTAAAGGTGGCAGCAACTATATCAAAGGCGATCCGTATT TTGCAGAGTATGCAACCAAACTGAGCTTTATTCTGAATCCGAGTGATGCAAATAA TCCGAGCGGTGAAACCGCAAATCACAATGATGAAGCCTGTAATTGTAACGAAAG CGGTATTAGCAGCGTTGGTCAGGCACAGACCAGCGGTCCGAGCAGCAATAAAA€ CTGTATTACCCATAGCAGCATTAAAACCAATAAAAAGAAAGAATGCAAAGATGT GAAACTGGGCGTGCGCGAAAATGATAAAGATCTGAAAATTTGCGTGATCGAGGA TACCAGCCTGAGCGGTGTTGATAATTGTTGTTGTCAGGATCTGCTGGGTATTCTGC AAGAAAATTGCAGCGATAATAAACGTGGTAGCAGCAGCAATGATAGCTGCGATA ACAAAAATCAGGATGAATGCCAGAAAAAACTGGAAAAAGTTTTTGCCAGCCTGA CGAATGGTTACAAATGCGATAAATGTAAAAGCGGCACCAGCCGCAGCAAAAAGA AATGGATTTGGAAAAAAAGCAGCGGCAATGAAGAAGGTCTGCAAGAGGAATATG CAAATACCATTGGTCTGCCTTCCGCGTACCCAGAGCCTGTATCTGGGTAATCTGCC GAAACTGGAAAATGTGTGTGAAGATGTGAAAGATATCAATTTTGATACCAAAGA AAAATTTCTGGCAGGCTGCCTGATTGTGAGCTTTCATGAAGGTAAAAACCTGAAA AAACGCTATCCGCAGAATAAAAACAGCGGTAACAAAGAAAATCTGTGCAAAGCA CTGGAATACAGCTTTGCAGATTATGGCGATCTGATTAAAGGCACCAGCATTTGGG ATAACGAGTATACCAAAGATCTGCAACTGAATCTCCAGAACAATTTCGGTAAACT GTTCGGCAAATATATCAAAAAAAACAATACCGCAGAGCAGGATACCAGCTATAG CAGCCTGGATCAACTGCGTGAAAGTTGGTGGAATACCAACAAAAAATACATTTG GACCGCCATGAAACATGGTGCCGAAATGAATATTACCACCTGTAATGCAGATGGT AGCGTTACCGGTAGCGGTAGCAGCTGTGATGATATTCCGACCATTGATCTGATTC CGCAGTATCTGCGTTTTCTGCAAGAATGGGTTGAAAACTTTTGTGAACAGCGTCA GGCGAAAGTGAAAGATGTTATTACCAATTGCAAAAGCTGCAAAGAAAGCGGCAA TAAATGCAAAACCGAGTGCAAAACCAAATGCAAAGACGAGTGCGAGAAATACAA AAAATTCATTTGAAGCATGTGGTACAGCCGGTGGTGGTATTGGCACCGCAGGTAGC CCGTGGTCAAAACGTTGGGATCAGATCTATAAACGCTACAGCAAACACATCGAA GATGCCAAACGTAATCGTAAAGCAGGCACCAAAAATTGTGGCACCAGCAGCACC ACCAATGCAGCAGCAAGCACCGATGAAAACAAATGTGTTCAGAGCGATATCGAT AGCTTCTTCAAACATCTGATTGATATTGGTCTGACCACCCCGAGCAGCTATCTGA GCAATGTTCTGGATGATAACATTTGCGGTGCAGATAAAGCACCGTGGACCACCTA TACCACATATACCACCACAGAAAAATGCAACAAAGAGCGCGATAAAAGCAAAAG CCAGAGCAGCGATACCCTGGTTGTTGTTAATGTTCCGAGTCCGCTGGGTAATACC CCGTATCGTTATAAGTATGCCTGCCAGTGTAAAATCCCGACCAATGAAGAAACCT GTGATGATCGCAAAGAATACATGAATCAGTGGTCATGTGGTAGCGCACGTACCAT GAAACGTGGCTATAAAAACGATAATTATGAACTGTGCAAATATAACGGCGTGGA TGTTAAACCGACCACCGTTCGTAGCAATAGCAGCAAACTGGATCATCATCATCAC CATCATTAAGGATCC >A5 > SpyCatcher-ggs-RO-HIS DNA SEQ ID NO: 31 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAG CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCACAAGTGAGAATAGAAATAAACGA ATCGGGGGTCCTAAATTAAGGGGTAATGTTACAAGTAATATAAAGTTCCCATCAG ATAACAAAGGTAAAATTATAAGAGGTTCGAATGATAAACTTAATAAAAACTCTG AAGATGTTTTAGAACAAAGCGAAAAATCGCTTGTTTCAGAAAATGTTCCTAGTGG ATTAGATATAGATGATATCCCTAAAGAATCTATTTTTATTCAAGAAGATCAAGAA GGTCAAACTCATTCTGAATTAAATCCTGAAACATCAGAACATAGTAAAGATTTAA ATAATAATGGTTCAAAAAATGAATCTAGTGATATTATTTCAGAAAATAATAAATC AAATAAAGTACAAAATCATTTTGAATCATTATCAGATTTAGAATTACTTGAAAAT TCCTCACAAGATAATTTAGACAAAGATACAATTTCAACAGAACCTTTTCCTAATC AAAAACATAAAGACTTACAACAAGATTTAAATGATGAACCTTTAGAACCCTTTCC TACACAAATACATAAAGATTATAAAGAAAAAAATTTAATAAATGAAGAAGATTC AGAACCATTTCCCAGACAAAAGCATAAAAAGGTAGACAATCATAATGAAGAAAA AAACGTATTTCATGAAAATGGTTCTGCAAATGGTAATCAAGGAAGTTTGAAACTT AAATCATTCGATGAACATTTAAAAGATGAAAAAATAGAAAATGAACCACTTGTTC ATGAAAATTTATCCATACCAAATGATCCAATAGAACAAATATTAAATCAACCTGA ACAAGAAACAAATATCCAGGAACAATTGTATAATGAAAAACAAAATGTTGAAGA AAAACAAAATTCTCAAATACCTTCGTTAGATTTAAAAGAACCAACAAATGAAGAT ATTTTACCAAATCATAATCCATTAGAAAATATAAAACAAAGTGAATCAGAAATAA ATCATGTACAAGATCATGCGCTACCAAAAGAGAATATAATAGACAAACTTGATA ATCAAAAAGAACACATCGATCAATCACAACATAATATAAATGTATTACAAGAAA ATAACATAAACAATCACCAATTAGAACCTCAAGAGAAACCTAATATTGAATCGTT TGAACCTAAAAATATAGATTCAGAAATTATTCTTCCTGAAAATGTTGAAACAGAA GAAATAATAGATGATGTGCCTTCCCCTAAACATTCTAACCATGAAACATTTGAAG AAGAAACAAGTGAATCTGAACATGAAGAAGCCGTATCTGAAAAAAATGCCCACG AAACTGTCGAACATCAAGAAACTGTGTCTCAACAAAGCAATCCTGAAAAAGCTG ATAATGATGGAAATGTATCTCAAAACAGCAACAACGAATTAAATGAAAATGAAT TCGTTGAATCGGAAAAAAGCGAGCATGAAGCAAGATCCAAAGCAAAAGAAGCTT CTAGTTATGATTATATTTTAGGTTGGGAATTTGGAGGAGGCGTTCCAGAACAGAA AAAAGAAGAAAATATGTTATCACATTTATATGTTTCTTCAAAGGATAAGGAAAAT ATATGTAAGGAAAATGATGATGTATTAGATGAGAAGGAAGAAGAGGCAGAAGAA ACAGAAGAAGAAGAACTTGAAGAAAAAAATGAAGAAGAAACAGAATCAGAAAT AAGTGAAGATGAAGAAGAAGAAGAAGAAGAAGAAGAAAAGGAAGAAGAAAAT GACAAAAAAAAAGAACAAGAAAAAGAACAAAGTAATGAAAATAATGATCAAAA AAAAGATATGGAAGCACAGAATTTAATTTCTAAAAACCAGAATAATAATGAGAA AAACGTAAAAGAAGCTGCTGAAAGCATCATGAAAACTTTAGCTGGTTTAATCAA GGGAAATAATCAAATAGATTCTACCTTAAAAGATTTAGTAGAAGAATTATCCAAA TATTTTAAAAATCATAGATCTCATCACCATCATCACCATTAGggatccttt >A6 > HIS-RO-ggs-Spycatcher DNA SEQ ID NO: 32 GGATCCACAAGTGAGAATAGAAATAAACGAATCGGGGGTCCTAAATTAAGGGGT AATGTTACAAGTAATATAAAGTTCCCATCAGATAACAAAGGTAAAATTATAAGA GGTTCGAATGATAAACTTAATAAAAACTCTGAAGATGTTTTAGAACAAAGCGAA AAATCGCTTGTTTCAGAAAATGTTCCTAGTGGATTAGATATAGATGATATCCCTA AAGAATCTATTTTTATTCAAGAAGATCAAGAAGGTCAAACTCATTCTGAATTAAA TCCTGAAACATCAGAACATAGTAAAGATTTAAATAATAATGGTTCAAAAAATGA ATCTAGTGATATTATTTCAGAAAATAATAAATCAAATAAAGTACAAAATCATTTT GAATCATTATCAGATTTAGAATTACTTGAAAATTCCTCACAAGATAATTTAGACA AAGATACAATTTCAACAGAACCTTTTCCTAATCAAAAACATAAAGACTTACAACA AGATTTAAATGATGAACCTTTAGAACCCTTTCCTACACAAATACATAAAGATTAT AAAGAAAAAAATTTAATAAATGAAGAAGATTCAGAACCATTTCCCAGACAAAAG CATAAAAAGGTAGACAATCATAATGAAGAAAAAAACGTATTTCATGAAAATGGT TCTGCAAATGGTAATCAAGGAAGTTTGAAACTTAAATCATTCGATGAACATTTAA AAGATGAAAAAATAGAAAATGAACCACTTGTTCATGAAAATTTATCCATACCAA ATGATCCAATAGAACAAATATTAAATCAACCTGAACAAGAAACAAATATCCAGG AACAATTGTATAATGAAAAACAAAATGTTGAAGAAAAACAAAATTCTCAAATAC CTTCGTTAGATGAAAAGAACCAACAAATGAAGATATTTTACCAAATCATAATCC ATTAGAAAATATAAAACAAAGTGAATCAGAAATAAATCATGTACAAGATCATGC GCTACCAAAAGAGAATATAATAGACAAACTTGATAATCAAAAAGAACACATCGA TCAATCACAACATAATATAAATGTATTACAAGAAAATAACATAAACAATCACCA ATTAGAACCTCAAGAGAAACCTAATATTGAATCGTTTGAACCTAAAAATATAGAT TCAGAAATTATTCTTCCTGAAAATGTTGAAACAGAAGAAATAATAGATGATGTGC CTTCCCCTAAACATTCTAACCATGAAACATTTGAAGAAGAAACAAGTGAATCTGA ACATGAAGAAGCCGTATCTGAAAAAAATGCCCACGAAACTGTCGAACATGAAGA AACTGTGTCTCAAGAAAGCAATCCTGAAAAAGCTGATAATGATGGAAATGTATCT CAAAACAGCAACAACGAATTAAATGAAAATGAATTCGTTGAATCGGAAAAAAGC GAGCATGAAGCAGGTGGTAGCGGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGC AGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGTGATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCAC ATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGATGAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATCT GAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGTAAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAG GTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACCCTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCAC CGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAACCGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCA GGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCAACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATT >A7 > HIS-GMZ2ggs-Spycatcher SEQ ID NO: 33 GGATCCACAAGTGAGAATAGAAATAAACGAATCGGGGGTCCTAAATTAAGGGGT AATGTTACAAGTAATATAAAGTTCCCATCAGATAACAAAGGTAAAATTATAAGA GGTTCGAATGATAAACTTAATAAAAACTCTGAAGATGTTTTAGAACAAAGCGAA AAATCGCTTGTTTCAGAAAATGTTCCTAGTGGATTAGATATAGATGATATCCCTA AAGAATCTATTTTTATTCAAGAAGATCAAGAAGGTCAAACTCATTCTGAATTAAA TCCTGAAACATCAGAACATAGTAAAGATTTAAATAATAATGGTTCAAAAAATGA ATCTAGTGATATTATTTCAGAAAATAATAAATCAAATAAAGTACAAAATCATTTT GAATCAITATCAGATTTAGAATTACTTGAAAATTCCTCACAAGATAATTTAGACA AAGATACAATTTCAACAGAACCTTTTCCTAATCAAAAACATAAAGACTTACAACA AGATTTAAATGATGAACCTTTAGAACCCTTTCCTACACAAATACATAAAGATTAT AAAGAAAAAAATTTAATAAATGAAGAAGATTCAGAACCATTTCCCAGACAAAAG CATAAAAAGGTAGACAATCATAATGAAGAAAAAAACGTATTTCATGAAAATGGT TCTGCAAATGGTAATCAAGGAAGTTTGAAACTTAAATCATTCGATGAACATTTAA AAGATGAAAAAATAGAAAATGAACCACTTGTTCATGAAAATTTATCCATACCAA ATGATCCAATAGAACAAATATTAAATCAACCTGAACAAGAAACAAATATCCAGG AACAATTGTATAATGAAAAACAAAATGTTGAAGAAAAACAAAATTCTCAAATAC CTTCGTTAGATTTAAAAGAACCAACAAATGAAGATATTTTACCAAATCATAATCC ATTAGAAAATATAAAACAAAGTGAATCAGAAATAAATCATGTACAAGATCATGC GCTACCAAAAGAGAATATAATAGACAAACTTGATAATCAAAAAGAAGACATCGA TCAATCACAACATAATATAAATGTATTACAAGAAAATAACATAAACAATCACCA ATTAGAACCTCAAGAGAAACCTAATATTGAATCGTTTGAACCTAAAAATATAGAT TCAGAAATTATTCTTCCTGAAAATGTTGAAACAGAAGAAATAATAGATGATGTGC CTTCCCCTAAACATTCTAACCATGAAACATTTGAAGAAGAAACAAGTGAATCTGA ACATGAAGAAGCCGTATCTGAAAAAAATGCCCACGAAACTCTCGAACATGAAGA AACTGTGTCTCAAGAAAGCAATCCTGAAAAAGCTGATAATGATGGAAATGTATCT CAAAACAGCAACAACGAATTAAATGAAAATGAATTCGTTGAATCGGAAAAAAGC GAGCATGAAGCAAGATCCAAAGCAAAAGAAGCTTGTAGTTATGATTATATTTTAG GTTGGGAATTTGGAGGAGGCGTTCCAGAACACAAAAAAGAAGAAAATATGTTAT CACATTTATATGTTTCTTCAAAGGATAAGGAAAATATATCTAAGGAAAATGATGA TGTATTAGATGAGAAGGAAGAAGAGGCAGAAGAAACAGAAGAAGAAGAACTTG AAGAAAAAAATGAAGAAGAAACAGAATCAGAAATAAGTGAAGATGAAGAAGAA GAAGAAGAAGAAGAAGAAAAGGAAGAAGAAAATGACAAAAAAAAAGAACAAG AAAAAGAACAAAGTAATGAAAATAATGATCAAAAAAAAGATATGGAAGCACAG AATTTAATTTCTAAAAACCAGAATAATAATGAGAAAAACGTAAAAGAAGCTGCT GAAAGCATCATGAAAACTTTAGCTGGTTTAATCAAGGGAAATAATCAAATAGATT CTACCTTAAAAGATTTAGTAGAAGAATTATCCAAATATTTTAAAAATCATGGTGG TAGCGGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAG CGGTGATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTTCAGCAAACG TGATGAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAG CGGTAAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTG TACCCTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTG CAACCGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGITACCGTGAATGGTAA AGCAACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATT >A8 > HIS-GMZ2T:ggs-Spycatcher DNA SEQ ID NO: 34 GGATCCACAAGTGAGAATAGAAATAAACGAATCGGGGGTCCTAAATTAAGGGGT AATGTTACAAGTAATATAAAGTTCCCATCAGATAACAAAGGTAAAATTATAAGA GGTTCGAATGATAAACTTAATAAAAACTCTGAAGATGTTTTAGAACAAAGCGAA AAATCGCTTGTTTCAGAAAATGTTCCTAGTGGATTAGATATAGATGATATCCCTA AAGAATCTATTTTTATTCAAGAAGATCAAGAAGGTCAAACTCATTCTGAATTAAA TCCTGAAACATCAGAACATAGTAAAGATTTAAATAATAATGGTTCAAAAAATGA ATCTAGTGATATTATTTCAGAAAATAATAAATCAAATAAAGTACAAAATCATTTT GAATCATRATCAGATTTAGAATTACTTGAAAATTCCTCACAAGATAATTTAGACA AAGATACAATTTCAACAGAACCTTTTCCTAATCAAAAACATAAAGACTTACAACA AGATTTAAATGATGAACCTTTAGAACCCTTTCCTACACAAATACATAAAGATTAT AAAGAAAAAAATTTAATAAATGAAGAAGATTCAGAACCATTTCCCAGACAAAAG CATAAAAAGGTAGACAATCATAATGAAGAAAAAAACGTATTTCATGAAAATGGT TCTGCAAATGGTAATCAAGGAAGTTTGAAACTTAAATCATTCGATGAACATTTAA AAGATGAAAAAATAGAAAATGAACCACTTGTTCATGAAAATTTATCCATACCAA ATGATCCAATAGAACAAATATTAAATCAACCTGAAGAAGAAACAAATATCCAGG AACAATTGTATAATGAAAAACAAAATGTTGAAGAAAAACAAAATTCTCAAATAC CTTCGTTAGATTTAAAAGAACCAACAAATGAAGATATTTTACCAAATCATAATCC ATTAGAAAATATAAAACAAAGTGAATCAGAAATAAATCATGTACAAGATCATGC GCTACCAAAAGAGAATATAATAGACAAACTTGATAATCAAAAAGAACACATCGA TCAATCACAACATAATATAAATGTATTACAAGAAAATAACATAAACAATCACCA ATTAGAACCTCAAGAGAAAGCTAATATTGAATCGTTTGAACCTAAAAATATAGAT TCAGAAATTATTCTTCCTGAAAATGTTGAAACAGAAGAAATAATAGATGATGTGC CTTCCCCTAAACATTCTAACCATGAAACATTTGAAGAAGAAACAAGTGAATCTGA ACATGAAGAAGCCGTATCTGAAAAAAATGCCCACGAAACTGTCGAACATGAAGA AACTGTGTCTCAAGAAAGCAATCCTGAAAAAGCTGATAATGATGGAAATGTATCT CAAAACAGCAACAACGAATTAAATGAAAATGAATTCGTTGAATCGGAAAAAAGC GAGCATGAAGCAAGATCCAAAACAAAAGAATATGCTGAAAAAGCAAAAAATGCT TATGAAAAGGCAAAAAATGCTTATCAAAAAGCAAACCAAGCTGTTTTAAAAGCA AAAGAAGCTTCTAGTTATGATTATATTTTAGGTTGGGAATTTGGAGGAGGCGTTC CAGAACACAAAAAAGAAGAAAATATGTTATCACATTTATATGTTTCTTCAAAGGA TAAGGAAAATATATCTAAGGAAAATGATGATGTATTAGATGAGAAGGAAGAAGA GGCAGAAGAAACAGAAGAAGAAGAACTTGAAGGTGGTAGCGGTGCAATGGTTG ATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGTGATATGACCATTG AAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGATGAAGATGGTAAAG AACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGTAAAACCATTAGCA CCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACCCTGGCAAATACAC CTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAACCGCAATTACCTTT ACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCAACCAAAGGTGAT GCACATATT >A9 > Spycatcher-ggs-PfRH5-HIS DNA SEQ ID NO: 35 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGCGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGGGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCCTGTCCTTCGAGAACGCCATCAAGA AGACCAAGAACCAGGAAAACAACCTGACCCTGCTGCCCATCAAGTCCACCGAGG AAGAGAAGGACGACATCAAGAACGGCAAGGATATCAAGAAGGAAATCGACAAC GACAAGGAAAACATCAAGACCAACAACGCCAAGGACCACTCCACCTACATCAAG TCTTACCTGAACACCAACGTGAACGACGGCCTGAAGTACCTGTTCATCCCATCCG ACAACAGCTTCATCAAGAAGTACTCCGTTTTCAACCAGATCAACGACGGCATGCT GCTGAACGAGAAGAACGACGTGAAGAACAACGAGGACTACAAGAACGTCGACT ACAAGAACGTGAACTTCCTGCAGTACCACTTCAAGGAACTGTCCAACTACAACAT CGCCAACTCCATCGACATCCTGCAAGAAAAGGAAGGCCACCTGGACTTCGTGATC ATCCGCCACTACACTTTCTTGGACTACTACAAGCACCTGTCCTACAACAGCATCTA CCACAAGTACAGGACCTACGGCAAGTACATCGCTGTGGACGCTTTCATCAAGAAG ATCAACGAGACTTACGACAAAGTGAAGTCCAAGTGTAACGATATCAAGAACGAC CTGATCGCCACCATCAAGAAGCTCGAGCACCCCTACGACATCAACAACAAGAAC GACGACAGCTACCGCTACGACATCTCCGAAGAGATCGACGACAAGTCCGAGGAA ACCGACGACGAGACTGAGCAAGTCGAGGACTCCATCCAGGACACCGACTCCAAC CACACCCCCTCCAACAAGAAGAAGAACGATCTGATGAACCGCACCTTCAAGAAG ATGATGGACGAGTACAACACTAAGAAGAAGAAGCTGATCAAGTGCATCAAGAAC CACGAGAACGACTTCAACAAGATCTGCATGGACATGAAGAACTACGGCACCAAC CTGTTCGAGCAGCTGTCCTGCTACAACAACAACTTCTGCAACACTAACGGCATCC GCTTCCACTACGATGAGTACATCCACAAGCTGATCCTGTCCGTCAAGAGCAAGAA CCTGAACAAGGACCTGAGCGACATGACCAACATCCTCCAGCAGTCCGAGCTGCTG CTGACCAACTTGAACAAGAAGATGGGCTCCTACATCTACATCGACACTATCAAGT TCATCCACAAGGAAATGAAGCACATCTTCAACCGCATCGAGTACCACACCAAGAT CATCAACGATAAGACTAAGATCATCCAAGACAAGATCAAGCTGAAGATCTGGCG CACTTTCCAAAAGGACGAACTGCTGAAGCGTATCCTGGACATGTCTAACGAGTAC TCCCTCTTCATCACCTCCGACCACCTGAGGCAGATGCTGTACAACACCTTCTACTC CAAGGAAAAGCACCTCAACAACATCTTCCACCACCTGATCTACGTGCTGCAGATG AAGTTCAACGACGTCCCCATCAAGATGGAATACTTCCAGACCTACAAGAAGAAC AAGCCCCTGACCCAGCATCATCACCACCACCAC >(SpyTag sequence) SEQ ID NO: 36 AHIVMVDAYKPTK >Spy-Catcher SEQ ID NO: 37 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HI >The B-strand of CnaB2 (KTag SEQ ID NO: 38 ATHIKFSKRD >DNA sequence of the SpyTag SEQ ID NO: 39 GCTCACATCGTGATGGTGGACGCTTACAAGCCCACCAAG >>Survivin:ggs-Spycatcher (Homo Sapiens) SEQ ID NO: 40 MGAPTLPPAWQPFLKDHRISTFKNWPFLEGCACTPERMAEAGFIHCPTENEPDLAQCF FCFKELEGWEPDDDPIEEHKKHSSGCAFLSVKKQFEELTLGEFLKLDRERAKNKIAKE TNNKKKEFEETAKKVRRAIEQLAAMDggsGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSAT HIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPD GYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAHI >>Spycatcher-ggs-Survivin (Homo Sapiens) SEQ ID NO: 41 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTLS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIggsGAPTLPPAWQPFLKDHRISTFKNWPFLEGCACTPERMAEAGFIHCPTENEPDLA QCFFCFKELEGWEPDDDPIEEHKVISSGCAFLSVKKQFEELTLGEFLKLDRERAKNKL AKETNNKKKEFEETAKKVRFAIEQLAAMD >>Survivin(F101A/L102A)-ggs-Spycatcher (Homo Sapiens) SEQ ID NO: 42 MGAPTLPPAWQPFLKDHRISTFKNWPFLEGCACTPERMAEAGFIHCPTENEPDLAQCF FCFKELEGWEFDDDFIEEHKKTISSGCAFLSVKKQFEELTLGEAAKLDRERAKNKIAK ETNNKKKEFEETAKKVRRAIEQLAAMDggsGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSA THIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQYKDFYLYPGKYTEVETAAP DGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAHI >>Spycatcher-ggs-Survivin(F101/L102A) (Homo Sapiens) SEQ ID NO: 43 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKODA HIggsGAPTLPPAWQPFLKDHRISTFKNWPFLEGCACTPERMAEAGFIHCPTENEPDLA QCFFCFKELEGWEPDDDPIEEHKKHSSGCAFLSVKKQFEELTLGEAAKLDRERAKNKI AKETNNKKKEFEETAKKYRRAIEQLAAMD >>Spycatcher-ggs--Survivin(F101A/L102A) (Mus Musculus) SEQ ID NO: 44 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMILEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSGAPALPQIWQLYLKNYRIATFKNWPFLEDCACTPERMAEAGFIHCPTENEPDL AQCFFCFKELEGWEPDDNPIEEHRKHSPGCAFLTVKKQMEELTVSEAAKLDRQRAKN KIAKETNNKQKEFEETAKTTRQSIEQLAASQRF >>Survivin(F101/L102A)-ggs-Spycatcher (Mus Masculus) SEQ ID NO: 45 GAPALPQIWQLYKNYRIATFKNWPFLEDCACTPERMAEAGFIHCPTENEPDLAQCFF CFKELEGWEPDDNPIEEHRKHSPGCAFLTVKKQMEELTVSEAAKLDRQRAKNKIAKE TNNKQKEFEETAKTTRQSIEQLAAggsGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKF SKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEV ATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAHI >>Spycatcher-ggs-Survivin (Mus Muscalus) SEQ ID NO: 46 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSGAPALPQIWQLYLKNYRIATFKNWPFLEDCACTPERMAEAGFIHCPTENEPDL AQCFFCFKELEGWEPDDNPIEEHRKHSPGCAFLTVKKQMEELTVSEFLKLDRQRAKN KIAKETNNKQKEFEETAKTTRQSIEQLAASGRF >>Survivin-ggs-Spycatcher (Mus Musculus) SEQ ID NO: 47 GAPALPQIWQLYLKNYRIATFKNWPFLEDCACTPERMAEAGFIHCPTENEPDLAQCFF CFKELEGWEPDDNPIEEHRKHSPGCAFLTVKKQMEELTVSEFLKLDRQRAKNKIAKE TNNKQKEFEETAKTTRQSIEQLAAGGSGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIK FSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYE VATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAHI >> Spycatcher-ggs-Survivin(F101A/L102A) (Mus Musculus) DNA SEQ ID NO: 48 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCGGTGCACCGGCACTGCCGCAGATTT GGCAGCTGTATCTGAAAAACTATCGTATCGCCACCTTTAAAAACTGGCCGTTTCT GGAAGATTGTGCATGTACACCGGAACGTATGGCAGAAGCAGGTTTTATTCATTGT CCGACCGAAAATGAACCGGATCTGGCACAGTGTTTTTTTTGCTTTAAAGAACTGG AAGGTTGGGAGCCGGATGATAATCCGATTGAAGAACATCGTAAACATAGTCCGG GTTGTGCATTTCTGACCGTGAAAAAACAAATGGAAGAACTGACCGTTAGCGAGG CAGCAAAACTGGATCGTCAGCGTGCCAAAAACAAAATTGCAAAAGAAACCAATA ACAAACAGAAAGAATTCGAAGAAACCGCCAAAACCACCCGTCAGAGCATTGAAC AGCTGGCAGCAagcggccgcttt >>Survivin (F101A/L102A)-ggs-Spycatcher (Mus Musculus) DNA SEQ ID NO: 49 GGTGCACCGGCACTGCCGCAGATTTGGCAGCTGTATCTGAAAAACTATCGTATCG CCACCTTTAAAAACTGGCCGTTTCTGGAAGATTGTGCATGTACACCGGAACGTAT GGCAGAAGCAGGTTTTATTCATTGTCCGACCGAAAATGAACCGGATCTGGCACAG TGTTTTTTTTGCTTTAAAGAACTGGAAGGTTGGGAGCCGGATGATAATCCGATTG AAGAACATCGTAAACATAGTCCGGGTTGTGCATTTCTGACCGTGAAAAAACAAAT GGAAGAACTGACCGTTAGCGAGGCAGCAAAACTGGATCGTCAGCGTGCCAAAAA CAAAATTGCAAAAGAAACCAATAACAAACAGAAAGAATTCGAAGAAACCGCCA AAACCACCCGTCAGAGCATTGAACAGCTGGCAGCAGGTGGCAGCGGTGCAATGG TTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGCGCAAGGGTCAGAGCGGTGATATGACCA TTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGATGAAGATGGTA AAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGTAAAACCATTA GCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACCCTGGCAAATA CACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAACCGCAATTACC TTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCAACCAAAGGT GATGCACATATT >>Spycatcher-ggs-Survivin (Mus Musculus) DNA SEQ ID NO: 50 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCCTGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCGGTGCACCGGCACTGCCGCAGATTT GGCAGCTGTATCTGAAAAACTATCGTATCGCCACCTTTAAAAACTGGCCGTTTCT GGAAGATTGTGCATGTACACCGGAACGTATGGCAGAAGCAGGTTTTATTCATTGT CCGACCGAAAATGAACCGGATCTGGCACAGTGTTTTTTTTGCTTTAAAGAACTGG AAGGTTGGGAGCCGGATGATAATCCGATTGAAGAACATCGTAAACATAGTCCGG GTTGTGCATTTCTGACCGTGAAAAAACAAATGGAAGAACTGACCGTTAGCGAGTT TCTGAAACTGGATCGTCAGCGTGCCAAAAACAAAATTGCAAAAGAAACCAATAA CAAACAGAAAGAATTCGAAGAAACCGCCAAAACCACCCGTCAGAGCAtTGAACA GCTGGCAGCAAGCGGCCGCTTT >>Survivin-ggs-Spycatcher (Mus Musculus) DNA SEQ ID NO: 51 GGTGCACCGGCACTGCCGCAGATTTGGCAGCTGTATCTGAAAAACTATCGTATCG CCACCTTTAAAAACTGGCCGTTTCTGGAAGATTGTGCATGTACACCGGAACGTAT GGCAGAAGCAGGTTTTATTCATTGTCCGACCGAAAATGAACCGGATCTGGCACAG TGTTTTTTTTGCTTTAAAGAACTGGAAGGTTGGGAGCCGGATGATAATCCGATTG AAGAACATCGTAAACATAGTCCGGGTTGTGCATTTCTGACCGTGAAAAAACAAAT GGAAGAACTGACCGTTAGCGAGTTTCTGAAACTGGATCGTCAGCGTGCCAAAAA CAAAATTGCAAAAGAAACCAATAACAAACAGAAAGAATTCGAAGAAACCGCCA AAACCACCCGTCAGAGCATTGAACAGCTGGCAGCAGGTGGCAGCGGTGCAATGG TTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGTGATATGACCA TTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGATGAAGATdGTA AAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGTAAAAGCATTA GCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACCCTGGCAAATA CACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAACCGCAATTACC TGGACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCAACCAAAGGT GATGCACATATT >>Spycatcher-ggs-CIDR1a-HIS Protein SEQ ID NO: 52 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDS HIGGSKITSFDEFFDFWVRKLLIDTIKWETELTYCINNTDVTDCNKCNKNCVCFDKWV KQKEDEWTNIMKLFTNKHDIPKKYYLNINDLFDSFFFQVIYKFNEGEAKWNELKENL KKQIASSKANNGTKDSEAAIKVLFNHIKEIATICKDNNTN >>Spycatcher-ggs-CIDR1a-HIS DNA SEQ ID NO: 53 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCAAAATAACGTCATTTGATGAATTTT TTGATTTTTGGGTTAGAAAATTATTAATAGACACTATAAAGTGGGAAACCGAACT TACGTATTGTATAAATAATACTGATGTCACGGATTGTAATAAATGTAACAAAAAT TGCGTATGTTTTGACAAATGGGTTAAACAAAAAGAAGACGAATGGACAAATATA ATGAAACTATTCACAAACAAACACGATATACCGAAAAAATATTATCTTAATATTA ATGATCTTTTTGATAGTTTTTTTTTCCAAGTTATATATAAGTTTAACGAAGGAGAA GCAAAATGGAATGAACTTAAAGAAAATTTAAAAAAGCAAATTGCGTCTTCCAAA GCAAATAACGGAACCAAAGATTCAGAAGCTGCAATAAAAGTGTTGTTTAATCAC ATAAAAGAAATTGCAACAATATGCAAAGATAATAATACAAAC >>SpyCatcher SEQ ID NO: 54 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATT >SpyLigase: SEQ ID NO: 55 HHHHHHDYDGQSGDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVE TAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGGSGGSGGSGEDSATHI >isopeptide Spy0128 SEQ ID NO: 56 TDKDMTITFTNKKDAE >Split-Spy0128 SEQ ID NO: 57 ATTVHGETVVNGAKLTVTKNLDLVNSNALIPNTDFTFKIEPDTTVNEDGNKFKGVAL NTPMTKVTYTNSDKGGSNTKTAEFDFSEVTFEKPGVYYYKVTEEKIDKVPGVSYDTT SYTVQVHVLWNEEQQKPVATYIVGYKEGSKVPIQFKNSLDSTTLTVKKKVSGTGGD RSKDFNFGLTLKANQYYKASEKVMIEKTTKGGQAPVQTEASIDQLYHFTLKDGESIK VTNLPVGVDYVVTEDDYKSEKYTTNVEVSPQDGAVKNIAGNSTEQETSTDKDMTI >AP205 capsid protein SEQ ID NO: 58 ANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLLRQRVKVGIAELNNVSGQYVSVYKLRPA PKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENLATLKAEWETHKRNVDTLFASGNAGLG FLDPTAAIVSSDTTA >PhageFr capsid protein SEQ ID NO: 59 ASNFEEFVLVDNGGTGDVKVAPSNFANGVAEWISSNSRSQAYKVTCSVRQSSANNR KYTVKVEVPKVATQVQGGVELPVAAWRSYMNMELTIPVFATNDDCALIVKALQGTF KTGNPIATARANSGIY >SpyCatcherΔN SEQ ID NO: 60 DSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVET AAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAHI >SpyCatcherΔNC SEQ ID NO: 61 DSATHIKESKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVET AAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKG >Spy-AP205 SEQ ID NO: 62 MAHIVMVDAYKPTKGSGTAGGGSGSANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLL RQRVKVGIAELNNVSGQYVSVYKRPAPKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENL ATLKAEWETHKRNVDTLFASGNAGLGFLDPTAAIVSSDTTA > Spy-AP205 SEQ ID NO: 63 ATGGCACATATTGTTATGGTGGATGCATATAAACCGACCAAAGGTAGCGGTACAG CCGGTGGTGGTAGTGGTAGCGCAAATAAACCGATGCAGCCGATTACCAGCACCG CAAACAAAATTGTTTGGAGCGATCCGACCCGTCTGAGCACCACCTTTAGCGCAAG CCTGCTGCGTCAGCGTGTTAAAGTTGGTATTGCAGAACTGAATAATGTGAGCGGT CAGTATGTTAGCGTGTATAAACGTCCGGCACCGAAACCGGAAGGTTGTGCAGATG CATGTGTTATTATGCCGATGAAAATCAGAGCATTCGTACCGTTATTAGCGGTAG CGCAGAAAATCTGGCAACCCTGAAAGCAGAATGGGAAACCCATAAACGTAATGT GGATACCCTGTTTGCAAGCGGTAATGCAGGTCTGGGTTTTCTGGACCCGACCGCA GCAATTGTTAGCAGCGATACCACCGCATAA >AP205-spy SEQ ID NO: 64 MANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLLRQRVKVGIAELNNVSGQYVSVYKR PAPKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENLATLKAEWETHKRNVDTLFASGNAG LGFLDPTAAIVSSDTTAGTAGGSGAHIVMVDAYKPTK >AP205-spy SEQ ID NO: 65 ATGGCAAATAAACCGATGCAGCCGATTACCAGCACCGCAAACAAAATTGTTTGG AGCGATCCGACCCGTCTGAGCACCACCTTTAGCGCAAGCCTGCTGCGTCAGCGTG TTAAAGTTGGTATTGCAGAACTGAATAATGTGAGCGGTCAGTATGTTAGCGTGTA TAAACGTCCGGCACCGAAACCGGAAGGTTGTGCAGATGCATGTGTTATTATGCCG AATGAAAATCAGAGCATTCGTACCGTTATTAGCGGTAGCGCAGAAAATCTGGCA ACCCTGAAAGCAGAATGGGAAACCCATAAACGTAATGTGGATACCCTGTTTGCA AGCGGTAATGCAGGTCTGGGTTTTCTGGACCCGACCGCAGCAATTGTTAGCAGCG ATACCACCGCAGGTACAGCCGGTGGTAGCGGTGCACATATTGTTATGGTTGATGC ATATAAACCGACCAAATAA >Spy-Phage fr SEQ ID NO: 66 MAHIVMVDAYKPTKGSGTAGGGSGSASNFEEFVLVDNGGTGDVKVAPSNFANGVA EWISSNSRSQAYKVTCSVRQSSANNRKYTVKVEVPKVATQVQGGVELPVAAWRSY MNMELTIPVFATNDDCALIVKALQGTFKTGNPIATAIAANSGIY >Spy-Phage fr SEQ ID NO: 67 ATGGCACATATTGTTATGGTGGATGCATATAAACCGACCAAAGGTAGCGGTACAG CCGGTGGTGGTAGTGGTAGCGCAAGCAATTTTGAAGAATTTGTGCTGGTTGATAA TGGTGGCACCGGTGATGTTAAAGTTGCACCGAGTAATTTTGCAAATGGTGTTGCA GAATGGATTAGCAGCAATAGCCGTAGCCAGGCATATAAAGTTACCTGTAGCGTTC GTCAGAGCAGCGCAAATAATCGTAAATATACCGTTAAAGTCGAGGTTCCGAAAG TTGCAACCCAGGTTCAGGGTGGTGTTGAACTGCCGGTTGCAGCATGGCGTAGCTA TATGAATATGGAACTGACCATTCCGGTTTTTGCCACCAATGATGATTGTGCCCTGA TTGTTAAAGCACTGCAGGGCACCTTTAAAACCGGTAATCCGATTGCAACCGCAAT TGCAGCAAATAGCGGTATCTATTAA >Ktag-AP205 SEQ ID NO: 68 ATHIKFSKRDGSGTAGGGSGSANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLLRQRVK VGIAELNNVSGQYVSVYKRPAPKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENLATLKAE WETHKRNVDTLFASGNAGLGFLDPTAAIVSSDTTA >AP205-Ktag SEQ ID NO: 69 MANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLLRQRVKVGIAELNNVSGQYNSVYKR PAPKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENLATLKAEWETHKRNVDTLFASGNAG LGFLDPTAAIVSSDTTAGTAGGSGATHIKFSKRD >Ktag-Phage fr SEQ ID NO: 70 ATHIKFSKRDGSGTAGGGSGSASNFEEFVLVDNGGTGDVKVAPSNFANGVAEWISSN SRSQAYKVTCSVRQSSANNRKYTVKVENPKVATQVQGGVELPVAAWRSYMNMELT IPVFATNDDCALIVKALQGTEKTGNPIATAIAANSGIY >Spy-AP205-Spy SEQ ID NO: 71 MAHIVMVDAYKPTKGSGTAGGGSGSANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLL RQRVKVGIAELNNVSGQYVSVYKRPAPKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENL ATLKAEWETHKRNVDTLFASGNAGLGFLDPTAAIVSSDTTAGTAGGSQAHIVMVDA YKPTK >Spy-AP205-Spy SEQ ID NO: 72

CACATATTGTTATGGTGGATGCATATAAACCGACCAAAGGTAGCGGTACAG CCGGTGGTGGTAGTGGTAGCGCAAATAAACCGATGCAGCCGATTACCAGCACCG CAAACAAAATTGTTTGGAGCGATCCGACCCGTCTGAGCACCACCTTTAGCGCAAG CCTGCTGCGTCAGCGTGTTAAAGTTGGTATTGCAGAACTGATAATGTGAGCGGT CAGTATGTTAGCGTGTATAAACGTCCGGCACCGAAACCGGAAGGTTGTGCAGATG CATGTGTTATTATGCCGAATGAAAATCAGAGCATTCGTACCGTTATTAGCGGTAG CGCAGAAAATCTGGCAACCCTGAAAGCAGAATGGGAAACCCATAAACGTAATGT GGATACCCTGTTTGCAAGCGGTAATGCAGGTCTGGGTTTTCTGGACCCGACCGCA OCAATTGTTAGCAGCGATACCACCGCAGGTACAGCCGGTGGTAGCGGTGCACAT ATTGTTATGGTTGATGCATATAAACCGACCAAATAA >AP205-ggsg-Spyeatcher SEQ ID NO: 73 ATGGCAAATAAACCGATGCAGCCGATTACCAGCACCGCAAACAAAATTGTTTGG AGCGATCCGACCCGTCTGAGCACCACCTTTAGCGCAAGCCTGCTGCGTCAGCGTG TTAAAGTTGGTATTGCAGAACTGAATAATGTGAGCGGTCAGTATGTTAGCGTGTA TAAACGTCCGGCACCGAAACCGGAAGGTTGTGCAGATGCATGTGTTATTATGCCG AATGAAAATCAGAGCATTCGTACCGTTATTAGCGGTAGCGCAGAAAATCTGGCA ACCCTGAAAGCAGAATGGGAAACCCATAAACGTAATGTGGATACCCTGTTTGCA AGCGGTAATGCAGGTCTGGGTTTTCTGGACCCGACCGCAGCAATTGTTAGCAGCG ATACCACCGCAGGTACAGCCGGTGGTAGCGGTGGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTG AGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGTGATATGACCATTGAAGAAGAT AGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGATGAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCA GGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGTAAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATT AGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACCCTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTG AAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAACCGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAA TGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCAACCAAAGGTGATGCACATAT Ttaa >AP205-ggsg-Spycatcher SEQ ID NO: 74 MANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLLRQRVKVGIAELNNVSGQYVSVYKR PAPKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENLATLKAEWETHKRNVDTLFASGNAG LGFLDPTAAIVSSDTTAGTAGGSGGAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSK RDEDGKELAGATN4ELRDSSGKTISTWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVAT AITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAHI >SpyCatcher-ggsgs-AP205 SEQ ID NO: 75 GGTGCANTGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATT

TAAACCGATGCAGC CGATTACCAGCACCGCAAACAAAATTGTTTGGAGCGATCCGACCCGTCTGAGCAC CACCTTTAGCGCAAGCCTGCTGCGTCAGCGTGTTAAAGTTCTGTATTGCAGAACTG AATAATGTGAGCGGTCAGTATGTTAGCGTGTATAAACGTCCGGCACCGAAACCGG AAGGTTGTGCAGATGCATGTGTTATTATGCCGAATGAAAATCAGAGCATTCGTAC CGTTATTAGCGGTAGCGCAGAAAATCTGGCAACCCTGAAAGCAGAATGGGAAAC CCATAAACGTAATGTGGATACCCTGTTTGCAAGCGGTAATGCAGGTCTGGGTTTT CTGGACCCGACCGCAGCAATTGTTAGCAGCGATACCACCGCATAA >SpyCatcher-ggsgs-AP205 SEQ ID NO: 76 MVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIST WISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAH IGGSGSANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLLRQRVKVGIAELNNVSGQYVS VYKRPAPKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENLATLKAEWETHKRNVDTLFAS GNAGLGFLDPTAAIVSSDTTA >SpyCatcher-ggsgs-Phage fr SEQ ID NO: 77 GGTGCAATOGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCGGTAGCGCAAGCAATTTTGAAGA ATTTGTGCTGGTTGATAATGGTGGCACCGGTGATGTTAAAGTTGCACCGAGTAAT TTTGCAAATGGTGTTGCAGAATGGATTAGCAGCAATAGCCGTAGCCAGGCATATA AAGTTACCTGTAGCGTTCGTCAGAGCAGCGCAAATAATCGTAAATATACCGTTAA AGTCGAGGTTCCGAAAGTTGCAACCCAGGTTCAGGCTTGGTGTTGAACTGCCGGTT GCAGCATGGCGTAGCTATATGAATATGGAACTGACCATTCCGGTTTTTGCCACCA ATGATGATTGTGCCCTGATTGTTAAAGCACTGCAGGGCACCTTTAAAACCGGTAA TCCGATTGCAACCGCAATTGCAGCAAATAGCGGTATCTATTAA >SpyCatcher-ggsgs-Phage fr SEQ ID NO: 78 MVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIST WISDGQVKDFYLYPCKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDAH IGGSGSASNFEEFVELVDNGGTGDVKVAPSNFANGVAEWISSNSRSQAYKVTCSVRQS SANNRKYTVENEVPKVATQVQGGVELPVAAWRSYWNMELTIPVFATNDDCALIVK ALQGTKKTGNPIATATAANSGIY >>SpyTag-Her2-ECD|23-686-HIS SEQ ID NO: 79 MAHIVMVDAYKPTKGGSTQVCTGTDMKLRLPASPETHLDMLRHLYQGCQVVQGNL ELTYLPTNASLSFLQDIQEVQGYVLIAHNQVRQVPLQRLRIVRGTQLFEDNYALAVLD NGDPLNNTTPVTGASPGGLRELQLRSLTEILKGGVLIQRNPQLCYQDTILWKDIFHKN NQLALTLIDTNRSRACHPCSPMCKGSRCWGESSEDCQSLTRTVCAGGCARCKGPLPT DCCHEQCAAGCTGPKHSDCLACLHFNHSGICELHCPALVTYNTDTFESMPNPEGRYT FGASCVTACPYNYLSTDVGSCTLVCPLHNQEVTAEDGTQRCEKCSKPCARVCYGLG MEHLREVRAVTSANIQEFAGCKKIFGSLAFLPESFDGDPASNTAPLQPEQLQVFETLEE ITGYLYISAWPDSLPDLSVFQNLQVIRGRILHNGAYSLTLQGLGISWLGLRSLRELGSG LALIHHNTHLCFVHTVPWDQLFRNPHQALLHTANRPEDECVGEGLACHQLCARGHC WGPGPTQCNVCSQFLRGQECVEECRVLQGLPREYNVARHCLPCHPECQPQNGSVTC FGPEADQCVACAHYKDPPFVCARCPSGVKPDLSYMPIWKFPDEEGACQPCPINCTHS CVDLDDKGCPAEQRASPLTSIISAVVGILLVVVLGVVFGILIKRRQQKIRKYTHHHHH H >>SpyTag-IL-5(C63T/C105T) SEQ ID NO: 80 MAHIVMVDAYKPTKGGSIPTEIPTSALVKETLALLSTHRTLLIANETLRIPVPVHKNHQ LTTEEIFQGIGTLESQTVQGGTVERLFKNLSLIKKYIDGQKKKTGEERRRVNQFLDYL QEFLGVMNTEWIIES*SGRK >>PCSK9|31-692|:SpyTag SEQ ID NO: 81 QEDEDGDYEELVLALRSEEDGLAEAPEHGTTATFHRCAKDPWRLPGTYVVVLKEET HLSQSERTARRLQAQAARRGYLTKILHVFHGLLPGFLVKMSGDLLELALKLPHVDYI EEDSSVFAQSIPWNLERITPPRYRADEYQPPDGGSLNEVYLLDTSIQSDHREIEGRVMV TDFENVPEEDGTRFHRQASKCDSHGTHLAGVVSGRDAGVAKGASMRSLRVLNCQG KGTVSGTLIGLEFIRKSQLVQPVGPLVVLLPLAGGYSRVLNAACQRLARAGVVLVTA AGNFRDDACLYSPASAPEVITVGATNAQDOPVTLGTLGTNFGRCVDLFAPGEDIIGAS SDCSTCFVSQSGTSQAAAHVAGIAAMMLSAEPELTLAELRQRLIHFSAKDVINEAWFP EDQRVLTPNLVAALPPSTHGAGWQLFCRTVWSAHSGPTRMATAVARCAPDEELLSC SSFSRSGKRRGERMEAQGGKLVCRAHNAFGGEGVYAIARCCLLPQANCSVHTAPPA EASMGTRVHCHQQGHVLTGCSSHWEVEDLGTHKPPVLRPRGQPNQCVGHREASIHA SCCHAPGLECKVKEHGIPAPOEQVTVACEEGWTLTGCSALPGTSHVLGAYAVDNTC VVRSRDVSTTGSTSEGAVTAVAICCRSRHLAQASQELQGGSAHIVMVDAYKPTK >SpyTag-ID1ID2a-HIS SEQ ID NO: 82 AHIVMVDAYKPTKGGSNYIKGDPYFAEYATKLSFILNPSDANNPSGETANHNDEACN CNESGISSVGQAQTSGPSSNKTCITHSSIKTNKKKECKDVKLGVRENDKDLKICVIEDT SLSGVDNCCCQDLLGILQENCSDNKRGSSSNDSCDNKNQDECQKKLEKVFASLTNGY KCDKCKSGTSRSKKKWIWKKSSGNEEGLQEEYANTIGLPPRTQSLYWNLPKLENVC EDVKDINFDTKEKFLAGCLIVSFHEGKNLKKRYPQNKNSGNKENLCKALEYSFADYG DLIKGTSIWDNEYTKDLELNLQNNEGKLFGKYIKKNNTAEQDTSYSSLDELRESWWN TNKKYIWTAMKHGAEMNITTCNADGSVTGSGSSCDDIPTIDLIPQYLRFLQEWVENF CEQRQAKVKDVITNCKSCKESGNKCKTECKTKCKDECEKYKKFIEACGTAGGGIGTA GSPWSKRWDQIYKRYSKHIEDAKRNRKAGTKNCGTSSTTNAAASTDENKCVQSDID SFFKHLIDIGLTTPSSYLSNVLDDNICGADKAPWTTYTTYTTTEKCNKERDKSKSQSS DTLVVVNVPSPLGNTPYRYKYACQCKIPTNEETCDDRKEYMNQWSCGSARTMKRG YKNDNYELCKYNGVDVKPTTVRSNSSKLDHHHHHH >Short flexible linker SEQ ID NO: 83 GGSGS >SpyCatcher-Ag85A SEQ ID NO: 84 GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSFSRPGLPVEYLQVPSPSMGRDIKVQFQSGGANSPALYLLDGLRAQDDFSGWDI NTPAFEWYDQSGLSVVMPVGGQSSFYSDWYQPACGKAGCQTYKWETFLTSELPGW LQANRHVKPTGSAVVGLSMAASSALTLAIYHPQQFVYAGAMSGLLDPSQAMGPTLI GLAMGDAGGYKASDMWGPKEDPAWQRNDPLLNVGKLIANNTRVWVYCGNGKLS DLGGNNLPAKFLEGRVRTSNIKFQDAYNAGGGHNGVFDFPDSGTHSWEYWGAQLN AMKPDLQRALGATPNTGPAPQGA >SpyCateher-Ag85A DNA SEQ ID NO: 85 GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGAGCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCTTCTCCCGTCCCGGACTGCCTGTGG AATACCTCCAGGTGCCCTCCCCCTCTATGGGTCGTGACATCAAGGTGCAGTTCCA GTCCGGTGGTGCTAACTCCCCCGCTCTGTACCTGCTGGACGGACTGCGTGCTCAG GACGACTTCTCCGGCTGGGACATCAACACTCCCGCTTTCGAGTGGTACGACCAGT CCGGCCTGTCCGTGGTTATGCCTGTGGGTGGCCAGTCCTCCTTCTACTCCGACTGG TACCAACCCGCTTGCGGCAAGGCTGGCTGCCAGACCTACAAGTGGGAGACTTTCC TGACCTCCGAGCTGCCCGGATGGCTGCAGGCTAACCGTCACGTGAAGCCCACCGG TTGCGCTGTCGTGGGCCTGTCTATGGCTGCTTCCTCGGCTCTGACCCTGGCTATCT ACCACCCCCAGCAGTTCGTGTACGCTGGCGCTATGTCCGGACTGCTGGACCCCTC TCAGGCTATGGGTCCTACCCTGATCGGCCTGGCTATGGGCGACGCTGGTGGTTAC AAGGCTTCCGACATGTGGGGTCCCAAGGAAGATCCCGCTTGGCAGCGTAACGAC CCCCTGCTGAACGTGGGCAAGCTGATCGCTAACAACACCCGTGTGTGGGTGTACT GCGGCAACGGCAAGCTGTCCGACCTGGGTGGCAACAACCTGCCCGCTAAGTTCCT CGAGGGTTTCGTGCGCACCTCCAACATCAAGTTCCAGGACGCTTACAACGCTGGC GGTGGTCACAACGGCGTGTTCGACTTCCCCGACTCCGGAACCCACTCCTGGGAGT ACTGGGGTGCTCAGCTGAACGCTATGAAGCCCGACCTGCAGCGTGCTCTGGGTGC TACCCCTAACACCGGTCCAGCTCCTCAGGGTGCTTAA >SEQ ID NO: 86: SpyCatcher-ggs-Survivin DNA GAMVDTLSGLSSEQGQSGDMTIEEDSATHIKFSKRDEDGKELAGATMELRDSSGKTIS TWISDGQVKDFYLYPGKYTFVETAAPDGYEVATAITFTVNEQGQVTVNGKATKGDA HIGGSGAPALPQIWQLYLKNYRIATFKNWPFLEDCACTPERMAEAGFIHCPTENEPDL AQCFFCFKELEGWEPDDNPIEEHRKHSPGCAFLTVKKQMEELTVSEFLKLDRQRAKN KIAKETNNKQKEFEETAKTTRQSIEQLAA >SEQ ID NO: 87: SpyCatcher-ggs-Survivin DNA GGTGCAATGGTTGATACCCTGAGCGGTCTGAGCAGCGAACAGGGTCAGAGCGGT GATATGACCATTGAAGAAGATAGCGCAACCCACATCAAATTCAGCAAACGTGAT GAAGATGGTAAAGAACTGGCAGGCGCAACAATGGAACTGCGTGATAGCAGCGGT AAAACCATTAGCACCTGGATTAGTGATGGTCAGGTGAAAGATTTTTATCTGTACC CTGGCAAATACACCTTTGTTGAAACCGCAGCACCGGATGGTTATGAAGTTGCAAC CGCAATTACCTTTACCGTTAATGAACAGGGCCAGGTTACCGTGAATGGTAAAGCA ACCAAAGGTGATGCACATATTGGTGGTAGCGGTGCACCGGCACTGCCGCAGATTT GGCAGCTGTATCTGAAAAACTATCGTATCGCCACCTTTAAAAACTGGCCGTTTCT GGAAGATTGTGCATGTACACCGGAACGTATGGCAGAAGCAGGTTTTATTCATTGT CCGACCGAAAATGAACCGGATCTGGGACAGTGTTTTTTTTGCTTTAAAGAACTGG AAGGTTGGGAGCCGGATGATAATCCGATTGAAGAACATCGTAAACATAGTCCGG GTTGTGCATTTCTGACCGTGAAAAAACAAATGGAAGAACTGACCGTTAGCGAGTT TCTGAAACTGGATCGTCAGCGTGCCAAAAACAAAATTGCAAAAGAAACCAATAA CAAACAGAAAGAATTCGAAGAAACCGCCAAAACCACCCGTCAGAGCATTGAACA GCTGGCAGCATAA >SEQ ID NO: 88: Mini-HA-stem-Spytag MKVKLLVLLCTFTATYADTICIGYHANNSTDTVDTVLEKNVTVTHSVNLLENGGGG KYVCSAKLRMVTGLRNKPSKQSQGLFGAIAGFTEGGWTGMVDGWYGYHHQNEQG SGYAADQDSTQNAINGITNKVNSVIEKMNTQYTAIGCEYNKSERCMKQIEDKIEEIES KIWTYNAELLVLLEERTLDFHDSNVKNLYEKVKSQLKNNAKEIGNGCFEFYHKCN DECMESVKNGTYDYPKYSEESKLNREKIDGVKLESMGVYQIEGAHIVMVDAYKPTK >SEQ ID NO: 89: Mini-HA-stem-Spytag DNA ATGAAAGTGAAGCTQCTGGTGCTGCTGTGCACCTTCACCGCCACCTACGCCOACA CCATCTGCATCGGCTACCACGCCAACAACAGCACCGACACCGTGGATAGCGTGCT GGAAAAGAACGTGACCGTGACCCACAGCGTGAACCTGCTGGAAAATGGCGGCGG AGGCAAATACGTGTGCAGCGCCAAGCTGCGGATGGTCACCGGGCTGAGAAACAA GCCCAGCAAGCAGAGCCAGGGCGTGTTCGGAGCCATTGCCGGCTTTACAGAGGG CGGCTGGACCGGCATGGTGGATGGGTGGTACGGCTATCACCACCAGAACGAGCA GGGCAGCGGCTACGCCGGGGATCAGAAGTCTACCGAGAACGCCATCAACGGCAT CACCAACAAAGTGAACAGCGTGATCGAGAAGATGAACACCCAGTACACCGCCAT CGGCTGCGAGTACAACAAGAGCGAGCGGTGCATGAAGCAGATCGAGGACAAGAT CGAAGAGATCGAGTCTAAGATCTGGACCTACAACGCCGAACTGCTGGTGCTGCTG GAAAACGAGCGGACCCTGGACTTCCACGACAGCAACGTGAAGAACCTGTACGAG AAAGTGAAAAGCCAGCTGAAGAACAACGCCAAAGAGATCGGCAACGGCTGCTTC GAGTTCTACCACAAGTGCAACGACGAGTGCATGGAAAGCGTGAAGAATGGCACC TACGACTACCCCAAGTACAGCGAGGAAAGCAAGCTGAACCGCGAGAAGATCGAC GGCGTGAAGCTGGAATCTATGGGCGTGTACCAGATTGAGGGCGCCCACATCGTG ATGGTGGACGCCTACAAGCCTACCAAG >SEQ ID NO: 90: Infectious hematopoictic necrosis virus (G-protein-Spytag MDTMITTPLILILITCGANSQTVQPDTASESDQPTWSNPLFTYPEGCTLDKLSKVNASQ LRCPRIFNDENRGLIAYPTSIRSLSVGNDLGNIHTQGNYIHKVLYRTICSTGFFGGQTIE KALVEMKLSTREAGVYDTTTAAALYFPAPRCQWYTDNVQNDLIFYYTTQKSVLRDP YTRDFLDSDFIGGKCTKSPCQTHWSNVVWMGDAGIPACDSSQEIKGHLFVDKISNRV VKATSYGHHPWGLHHACMIDFCGKPWIRTDLGDLISVEYNSGAKTLSFPKCEDKTVG MRGNLDDFAYLDDLVKASESREECLEAHAEIISTNSVTPYLLSKFRSPHPGINDVYAM HKGSIYHGMCMTVAVDEDSKDRTTYRAHRATSFTKWERPFGDEWEGFHGLHGNNT TIIPDLEKYVAQKTSMMEPMSIKSVPHPSILAHYNETDVSGISIRKLDSFDLQSLHWS GSGAHIVMVDAYKPTK >SEQ ID NO: 91: SpyTag-IHNV G-protein AHIVMVDAYKPTKGGSDTMITTPLILILITCGANSQTVQPDTASESDQPTWSNPLFTYP EGCTLDKLSSVNASQLRCPRIFNDENRGLIAYPTSIRSLSVGNDLGNIHTQGNYIHKVL YRTICSTGFFGGQTIEKALVEMKLSTREAGVYDTTTAAALYFPAPRCQWYTDNVQND VKATSYGHHPWGLHHACMIDFCGKPWIRTDLGDLISVEYNSGAKTLSFPKCEDKTVG MRGNLDDFAYLDDLVKASESREECLEAHAEIISTNSVTPYLLSKRFSPHPGINDVYAM HKGSIYHGMCMTVAVDEVSKDRTTYRAHRATSFTKWERPFGDEWEGFHGLHGNNT TIIPDLEKYVAQYKTSMMEPMSIKSVPHPSILAHYNETDVSGISIRKLDSFDLQSLHWS IRKLDSFDLQSLHWS >SEQ ID NO: 92: LongSpyTag-AP205-LongSpyTag MAHIVMVDAYKPTKGSGTAGGGSGSANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLL RQRVKVGIAELNNVSGQYVSVYKRPAPKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENL ATLKAEWETHKRNVDTLFASGNAGLGFLDPTAAIVSSDTTAGTASGGSGGSGAHIVM VDAYKPTK >SEQ ID NO: 93: LongSpyTag-AP205-LongSpyTag DNA ATGGCACATATTGTTATGGTGGATGCATATAAACCGACCAAAGGTAGCGGTACAG CCGGTGGTGGTAGTGGTAGCGCAAATAAACCGATGCAGCCGATTACCAGCACCG CAAACAAAATTGTTTGGAGCGATCCGACCCGTCTGAGCACCACCTTTAGCGCAAG CCTGCTGCGTCAGCCTTGTTAAAGTTGGTATTGCAGAACTGAATAATGTGAGCGGT CAGTATGTTAGCGTGTATAAACGTCCGGCACCGAAACCGGAAGGTTGTGCAGATG CATGTGTTATTATGCCGAATGAAAATCAGAGCATTCGTACCGTTATTAGCGGTAG CGCAGAAAATCTGGCAACCCTGAAAGCAGAATGGGAAACCCATAAACGTAATGT GGATACCCTGTTTGCAAGCGGTAATGCAGGTCTGGGTTTTCTGGACCCGACCGCA GCAATTGTTAGCAGCCTATACCACCGCAGGTACAGCCAGCGGTGGTAGCGGTGGT AGCGGTGCACATATTGTTATGGTTGATGCATATAAACCGACCAAATAA >SEQ ID NO: 94: mSA-AP205 MAEAGITGTWYNQHGSTFTVTAGADGNLTGQYENRAQGTGCQNSPYTLTGRYNGT KLEWRVEWNNSTENCHSRTEWRGQYQGGAEARINTQWNLTYEGGSGPATEQGQDT FTKVKGGSGSANKPMQPITSTANKIVWSDPTRLSTTFSASLLRQRVKVGIAELNNVSG QYVSVYKRPAPKPEGCADACVIMPNENQSIRTVISGSAENLATLKAWEWTHKRNVDT LFASGNAGLGFLDPTAAIVSSDTTA >SEQ ID NO: 95: mSA-AP205 DNA ATGGCAGAAGCAGGTATTACCGGCACCTGGTATAATCAGCATGGTAGCACCTTTA CCGTTACCGCAGGCGCAGATGGTAATCTGACAGGTCAGTATGAAAATCGTGCACA GGGCACCGGTTGTCAGAATAGCCCGTATACCCTGACCGGTCGTTATAATGGCACC AAACTGGAATGGCGTGTTGAATGGAATAATAGCACCGAAAATTGTCATAGCCGT ACCGAATGGCGTGGTCAGTATCAGGGTGGTGCAGAAGCCCGTATTAATACCCAGT GGAATCTGAGCTATGAAGGTGGTAGCGGTCCGGCAACCGAACAGGGTCAGGATA CCTTTACCAAAGTTAAAGGTGGCAGCGGTAGCGCAAATAAACCGATGCAGCCGA TTACCAGCACCGCAAACAAAATTGTTTGGAGCGATCCGACCCGTCTGAGCACCAC CTTTAGCGCAAGCCTGCTGCGTCAGCGTGTTAAAGTTGGTATTGCAGAACTGAAT AATGTGAGCGGTCAGTATGTTAGCGTGTATAAACGTCCGGCACCGAAACCGGAA GGTTGTGCAGATGCATGTGTTATTATGCCGAATGAAAATCAGAGCATTCGTACCG TTATTAGCGGTAGCGCAGAAAATCTGGCAACCCTGAAAGCAGAATGGGAAACCC ATAAACGTAATGTGGATACCCTGTTTGCAAGCGGTAATGCAGGTCTGGGTTTTCT GGACCCGACCGCAGCAATTGTTAGCAGCGATACCACCGCATAA

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1. A vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease wherein the vaccine comprises: i. a virus capsid protein comprising a first peptide tag, and ii. an antigen fused to a second peptide tag, wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein are linked via an isopeptide bond between the first and second peptide tag, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.
 2. The vaccine according to claim 1, wherein the first peptide tag comprises a SpyTag, and wherein the second peptide tag comprises a SpyCatcher, wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein are linked via the interaction between the SpyCatcher and SpyTag interaction, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.
 3. The vaccine according claim 1, wherein the virus capsid protein comprises an AP205 capsid protein.
 4. The vaccine according to claim 1, wherein the virus capsid protein comprises an AP205 capsid protein and wherein the first peptide tag comprises one or more SpyCatcher, and wherein the SpyCatcher is fused to the N-terminal end of the AP205 capsid protein.
 5. The vaccine according to claim 1, wherein the virus capsid protein comprises or consists of an AP205 capsid protein and wherein the first peptide tag is one or more SpyTags.
 6. The vaccine according to claim 5, wherein the SpyTag is fused to the N-terminal end or to the C-terminal end of the AP205 capsid protein.
 7. The vaccine according to claim 5, wherein the SpyCatcher or SpyTag is fused to the antigen in a position selected from the group consisting of the N-terminal end, the C-terminal end, or inserted in-frame into the coding sequence of the antigen.
 8. The vaccine according to claim 5, wherein the AP205 capsid protein is fused at its C-terminal end to one SpyTag and at its N-terminal end to one SpyTag.
 9. The vaccine according to claim 1, wherein the virus capsid protein comprising a first peptide tag comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:76 or a biologically active sequence variant that has at least 98% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:76.
 10. The vaccine according to claim 1, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of a cancer, a cardiovascular disease, an immune-inflammatory disease, a chronic disease, a neurological disease and/or an infectious disease.
 11. The vaccine according to claim 1, wherein said antigen is a protein, peptide and/or an antigenic fragment selected from the group consisting of: cancer-specific polypeptides, polypeptides associated with cardiovascular diseases, polypeptides associated with asthma, polypeptides associated with nasal polyposis, polypeptides associated with atopic dermatitis, polypeptides associated with eosinophilic esophagitis, polypeptides associated with hypercosinophilic syndrome, polypeptides associated with Churg-Strauss syndrome and/or polypeptides associated with pathogenic organisms.
 12. The vaccine according to claim 1, wherein the antigen is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein or an antigenic fragment hereof.
 13. The vaccine according to claim 1, wherein the SpyCatcher comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 60 or SEQ ID NO:
 61. 14. A host cell expressing: i. a first polynucleotide encoding a virus capsid protein comprising a first peptide tag; and/or ii. a second polynucleotide encoding an antigen fused to a second peptide tag, wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein are linked via an isopeptide bond between the first and second peptide tag, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen.
 15. The host cell according to claim 14, wherein the first peptide tag comprises a SpyTag, and wherein the second peptide tag comprises a SpyCatcher.
 16. The host cell according to claim 14, wherein the first polynucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO: 75 or a homologue thereof having at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
 75. 17. The host cell according to claim 14, wherein said antigen is a protein, peptide and/or an antigenic fragment selected from the group consisting of: cancer-specific polypeptides, polypeptides associated with cardiovascular diseases, polypeptides associated with asthma, polypeptides associated with nasal polyposis, polypeptides associated with atopic dermatitis, polypeptides associated with eosinophilic esophagitis, polypeptides associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome, polypeptides associated with Churg-Strauss syndrome and/or polypeptides associated with pathogenic organisms.
 18. The host cell according to claim 14, wherein the antigen is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-17, hemagglutinin, GD2, EGF-R, CEA, CD52, CD21, human melanoma protein gp100, human melanoma protein melan-A/MART1, tyrosinase, NA17-A nt, MAGE-3, HPV 16 E7, HPV L2, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, p53, hCG, Fel d1 and (IHNV) G-protein or antigenic fragments thereof.
 19. A method for inducing an immune response in a subject, the method comprising the steps of: a. obtaining a composition comprising: i) a virus capsid protein comprising a first peptide tag, and ii) an antigen fused to a second peptide tag, wherein the antigen and virus capsid protein are linked via an isopeptide bond between the first and second peptide tag, and wherein i-ii form a virus-like particle displaying said antigen, and b. administering said composition to a subject at least once for prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease, thereby inducing an immune response in the subject.
 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of a cancer, a cardiovascular disease, an immune-inflammatory disease, a chronic disease, a neurological disease and/or an infectious disease. 